{"id":9669,"date":"2022-03-01T19:51:18","date_gmt":"2022-03-01T18:51:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.ix-dev.eu\/le-bien-etre-est-meilleur-dans-les-elevages-de-petite-taille-vrai-ou-faux\/"},"modified":"2024-09-06T10:10:22","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T08:10:22","slug":"welfare-is-better-in-smaller-farms-true-or-false","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-better-in-smaller-farms-true-or-false\/","title":{"rendered":"Welfare is better in smaller farms! TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9669\" class=\"elementor elementor-9669 elementor-2806\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-439c70de e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"439c70de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-638e94cc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"638e94cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-354f12b3 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"354f12b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69c1ecd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"69c1ecd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-29272\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-675f76c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"675f76c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17e38ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17e38ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d9eb49 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"62d9eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-29272\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6509b9da elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"6509b9da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">FALSE<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Scientific publications do not show a direct link between animal welfare and the size of a farm\u2026 and explain that other factors must be taken into account!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20143bdd elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20143bdd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59440e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59440e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KEEP IN MIND<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0abee7e elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0abee7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-graph-2\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Farm size has increased significantly in recent years. However, French farms are still of modest sizes compared to many other countries<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-magnifying-glass-search\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Scientific publications do not show a direct link between animal welfare and the size of a farm<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-tractor\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Larger farms potentially present more risks for animal welfare, but also certain advantages in terms of better management (greater investment, etc.). Access to the outdoors is the most problematic issue<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Animal welfare depends mainly on farm management, which is specific to each farm regardless of its size<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f8a5c8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f8a5c8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For many consumers, an increase in farm size is often associated with animal welfare deterioration. However, <strong>scientific publications do not show a direct link between animal welfare and the size of the farm, neither in one direction nor the other\u2026<\/strong> and explain that other factors must be taken into account!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9c618 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf9c618\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Warning: a few precautions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The presented results are based\u00a0<strong>solely on farm size<\/strong>. Other factors, such as\u00a0<strong>farming types or intensification levels<\/strong>\u00a0were ignored. Most examples are taken from publications on dairy farms \u2013 which are the most common types \u2013 but can be transposed to other farms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The mentioned scientific studies researched the effects of farm size on animal welfare\u2026 but of\u00a0<strong>course they do not cover every situation<\/strong>. Moreover, in some studies one particular farm size is regarded as large while others would consider it small\u2026 the important thing is to compare farms of different sizes in the same study. The elements presented here, like all scientific results, should be considered with caution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d2911d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0d2911d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-606fb4ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"606fb4ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Large-scale or small-scale farms: what exactly are we talking about?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2978283c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2978283c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d7ec487 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d7ec487\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ab8f0bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4ab8f0bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/visuel-2-idee-recue-2048x1280-1-1280x800.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10645\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/visuel-2-idee-recue-2048x1280-1-1280x800.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/visuel-2-idee-recue-2048x1280-1-500x313.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/visuel-2-idee-recue-2048x1280-1-768x480.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/visuel-2-idee-recue-2048x1280-1-1536x960.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/visuel-2-idee-recue-2048x1280-1.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10bb5202 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10bb5202\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53973984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53973984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Historically, farms were small, with only a few animals managed by a family. This type of farming is still present in many areas of the world, especially in African countries.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>However, since the end of World War II, agriculture in many countries has changed. The number of farms has decreased\u2026 but as the demand for food has continued to grow,\u00a0<strong>the size of farms has increased<\/strong>. This increase was the result of a political will\u00a0<strong>to increase productivity and decrease\u00a0<\/strong>production\u00a0<strong>costs,\u00a0<\/strong>and was made possible by developments in agricultural mechanization and veterinary medicine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0008648 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0008648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><strong>Examples of growth<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddf1 In the\u00a0<strong>Netherlands<\/strong>, the average size of a dairy or poultry farm doubled between 1995 and 2008, while the average size of a pig farm tripled<sup><a id=\"R1\" href=\"#1\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n<p>\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 In the\u00a0<strong>United States<\/strong>, the average number of dairy cows per farm increased from 50 to 144 between 1987 and 2012. More importantly, in 2012, more than 50% of farms had more than 900 dairy cows.<\/p>\n\n<p>\ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf7 In\u00a0<strong>France<\/strong>, the average number of dairy cows per farm has increased from 17 in 1983 to 46 in 2020<sup><a id=\"R2\" href=\"#2\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d2ff3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d2ff3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3fcf83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3fcf83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf81e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bf81e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"338\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/structure-of-cattle-farms-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10805\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49c766d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49c766d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b49ad99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b49ad99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\">\ud83d\udd0e Understanding the graph: In France in 2020, 50% of all farms had less than 40 cows (which corresponds to about 15% of all cows) and 15% of all farms had more than 100 cows (which corresponds to almost 40% of all cows).<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cf1a5d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cf1a5d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>\ud83d\udc04 An EFSA report (2015) considered a dairy farm to be small if the total number of mature cows\u00a0<strong>was less than 75 and more than 80% of workforce was family<\/strong><sup><a id=\"R3\" href=\"#3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc16 In pig production, between 2000 and 2018, the average size of sow farms\u00a0<strong>increased in France from 140 to 226 sows (+60%) and in Denmark from 170 to 769 sows (+350%)<\/strong>. In Spain in 2018, there were on average\u00a0<strong>1\u00a0158 sows per farm<\/strong><sup><a id=\"R4\" href=\"#4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4\">[4]<\/a><a id=\"R5\" href=\"#5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><strong>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e39f7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e39f7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nombre-de-truies-500x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-10807\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nombre-de-truies-500x300.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nombre-de-truies.png 751w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2afaeef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2afaeef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>There are even farms with more than\u00a0<strong>10,000 sows in North America\u00a0<\/strong>and the construction of a new farm in China planned to house over\u00a0<strong>80,000 sows<\/strong><sup><a id=\"R6\" href=\"#6\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Concerning poultry, in 2016, <strong>9% of farms in France had more than 50,000 broilers and 12% of farms more than 50,000 laying hens<\/strong><sup><a href=\"#7\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>. In\u00a0<strong>Australia<\/strong>, farm size varies from\u00a0<strong>1,000 to 500,000 hens<\/strong><sup><a id=\"R8\" href=\"#8\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b923d6a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b923d6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7db5adeb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7db5adeb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef559c2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6ef559c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-en-resume.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5998\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-239ffc3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"239ffc3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">In short!<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>We can observe an increase in farm size, but with a great diversity according to species and countries! Very often, when the number of animals becomes important, they are raised in independent units, sometimes in different buildings.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba57f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8ba57f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4edf2fb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4edf2fb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What about welfare?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-154fdb4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"154fdb4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perception of the animal<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc28560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc28560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal_eng\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Welfare is individual and specific to each animal<\/a>. For an animal, what is important\u00a0<strong>is to be able to express its behavior, to have enough to eat and a satisfactory level of comfort&#8230;\u00a0<\/strong>not the number of animals in the farm, as long as it does not impact its welfare!\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<p>However, the\u00a0<strong>ability of animals to recognize each other is limited\u00a0<\/strong>and at a certain group size,\u00a0<strong>animals are no longer able to recognize\u00a0<\/strong>all individuals, which can lead to problems in establishing and maintaining hierarchy and social cohesion.<\/p>\n\n<p>That being said, animals in large farms are often kept\u00a0<strong>in smaller units\u00a0<\/strong>(to facilitate feeding, for example). In this case, for the animal, farm size and the number of units are irrelevant to its welfare.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5120c5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5120c5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17083c21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17083c21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Overall welfare score<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbe269f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbe269f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><strong>Few studies have studied\u00a0<\/strong>the impact of farm size on the overall welfare score&#8230; and\u00a0<strong>results are inconclusive.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>For example, a study on suckler cattle in\u00a0<strong>Ireland<\/strong><sup><a id=\"R9\" href=\"#9\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0found that an\u00a0<strong>increase in farm size\u00a0<\/strong>meant\u00a0<strong>decreasing<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>overall welfare score<\/strong>, while a study on pigs in\u00a0<strong>Croatia<\/strong><sup><a id=\"R10\" href=\"#10\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0showed\u00a0<strong>the opposite was true<\/strong>. A study on sheep in England and another on dairy cows in France found\u00a0<strong>no relationship<\/strong><sup><a id=\"R11\" href=\"#11\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Another interesting criterion is the number of\u00a0<strong>&#8220;items of non-compliance&#8221; with existing regulations<\/strong>. The various studies (cows, pigs)\u00a0<strong>show no differences\u00a0<\/strong>according to farm size<sup><a id=\"R12\" href=\"#12\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b0589e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6b0589e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b3acaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9b3acaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Welfare criteria<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9f1ace elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9f1ace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>The majority of publications show no<strong> link between the different criteria\u2019s scores and farm size. <\/strong>When links were found, they were often <strong>divergent <\/strong>from one publication to another, making it impossible to draw a conclusion.<\/p>\n\n<p>For example, in the epidemiological survey<sup><a id=\"R13\" href=\"#13\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0conducted by Alice de Boyer des Roches, on 131 dairy farms (size between 21 and 120 dairy cows),\u00a0<strong>no link was\u00a0<\/strong>found between the 12 welfare criteria of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/?s=welfare+quality&amp;submit=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Welfare\u00a0\u00a0Quality\u00ae<\/a>\u00a0and the size of the farms.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aedae42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aedae42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Health<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae99ac5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ae99ac5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>A review of the literature indicates that out of 23 scientific articles which studied the prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle in relation to farm size, 9 found a higher prevalence in large farms, 8 found no difference and 6 found a lower prevalence, making it\u00a0<strong>impossible to conclude that there is a link between farm size and prevalence of lameness<\/strong><sup><a id=\"R14\" href=\"#14\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Also in dairy cattle, the relationship between other health criteria (lesions, udder health &#8230;) and farm size is not established.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>Adult\u00a0<strong>mortality\u00a0<\/strong>appears to be higher in larger farms, for both cattle and pig farms. However, no such relationship was found with calf mortality. The authors of these studies mention a different management of non-transportable animals: in large farms, they are more often euthanized on the farm before being sent to the slaughterhouse (thus increasing the mortality rate), whereas in small farms, they are more often slaughtered at the slaughterhouse.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<p>Regarding\u00a0<strong>pain management<\/strong>, some studies show that the use of anesthetics or analgesics is more frequent in large cattle farms, while other studies have found no relationship with farm size<sup><a id=\"R15\" href=\"#15\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238edc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238edc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Access to water<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44c54c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44c54c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A 2019 study by Beggs et al. found that larger dairy farms\u00a0<strong>had more water points\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong>including outdoors, and most often suitable for humans \u2013 than smaller farms<sup><a id=\"R16\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=15552&amp;action=edit#16\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#16\" data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f281194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f281194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Human-animal relationship<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eed2fff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5eed2fff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><strong>This is one of the most common points made<\/strong>\u00a0as farm size increases. As it increases, the number of animals per person increases.<strong>\u00a0The number of direct interactions between animals and humans therefore tends to decrease.<\/strong> Indeed, some authors have shown that the number of positive interactions decreases (cows, calves) while others have shown that this was also the case for the number of negative interactions (pigs). Examining flight distance, some authors showed that it was higher in small cattle farms, which they explained by a lesser exposition to a variety of humans<sup><a id=\"R17\" href=\"#17\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>, while others have found that it was not modified by farm size<sup><a id=\"R18\" href=\"#18\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>All authors agree that the representations and behavior of breeders are more important than farm size as a factor of good human-animal relationship.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20efe5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a20efe5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Access to the outdoors and expression of natural behavior<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a679c71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a679c71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>Access to the outdoors, if well managed, is an important factor of animal welfare.\u00a0<strong>The different studies on the subject show that, globally, as farm size increases, access to the outdoors decreases.<\/strong>\u00a0This happens to be the case for cows above a certain population (e.g. over 100 cows in the U.S.). This can be explained by longer milking time or by land availability around the buildings.<\/p>\n\n<p>Similarly,\u00a0<strong>the density of cows per hectare seems to be higher\u00a0<\/strong>in larger farms.<\/p>\n\n<p>Finally, in pasture, smaller dairy farms often provide more shade than larger ones, although it was observed that on the latter, farmers were careful to provide shade in their pasture on the hottest days<sup>\u00a0<a id=\"R19\" href=\"#19\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Access to the outdoors in the right conditions is therefore difficult to manage as farm size increases.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13438f69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"13438f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5010c74a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5010c74a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Explanatory factors<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-246d053 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"246d053\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>Welfare has many criteria, some of which may be easier to meet in smaller farms, others in larger farms. In addition,\u00a0<strong>many welfare criteria are multifactorial, i.e. dependent on several factors irrelevant to the size of a farm<\/strong>. For example, lameness in dairy cows is influenced by breed, production, farm management, etc., which are more important than farm size in explaining its prevalence.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Larger farms potentially present more welfare risks\u00a0<\/strong>than smaller farms. This is mainly due to a\u00a0<strong>reduced access to the outdoors and fewer staff per animal<\/strong>. The latter can reduce the time spent per animal and therefore the attention paid to the animals, which is essential for a good human-animal relationship.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aca4b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6aca4b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8693b98 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8693b98\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca3fdef elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ca3fdef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/5765-2048x1432-1-1280x895.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10688\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/5765-2048x1432-1-1280x895.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/5765-2048x1432-1-500x350.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/5765-2048x1432-1-768x537.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/5765-2048x1432-1-1536x1074.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/5765-2048x1432-1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-467089d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"467089d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-474205b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"474205b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-size: 15px;\">With respect to such risks, large farms can, depending on the case, have\u00a0<strong>certain advantages<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Their workforce is larger. <\/strong>This allows for increased division of labor, often associated with greater specialization of personnel in their activities. Farmers on small farms are often responsible for many very different tasks and cannot be experts in all of them.<\/li>\n \n<li><strong>Standardized procedures as well as\u00a0staff\u00a0training<\/strong>\u00a0are more frequent and make it possible to limit the number of different approaches and minimize human errors.<\/li>\n \n<li>Larger farms more often call on\u00a0<strong>external specialists\u00a0<\/strong>(veterinarians, nutritionists, etc.<sup><a id=\"R20\" href=\"#20\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n \n<li>Their use of monitoring tools is more frequent, which facilitates the individual follow-up of animals, whether to check on their health status or their behavior, rumination&#8230;.<\/li>\n \n<li>They sometimes have more financial means to make investments that benefit the animals.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-size: 15px;\"><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa14a7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffa14a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ec06a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ec06a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b97655 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b97655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-en-resume.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5998\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5388c3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"5388c3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">What you should know<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Animal welfare is\u00a0<strong>complex<\/strong>. It depends on many criteria, which in turn depend on\u00a0<strong>many risk factors<\/strong>. These risk factors can be found both on small and large farms. Their presence depends\u00a0<strong>more on the breeder\u2019s management policy and personality, the specific organization of each farm, the animals themselves\u00a0<\/strong>(experience, perception ...).\u00a0<strong>Generalization is<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>not possible\u00a0<\/strong>and it is necessary to objectively evaluate welfare specifically in each farm, regardless of its size.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4be28939 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4be28939\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-254316b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"254316b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">For further details<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73e76afe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73e76afe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>Farm size and animal welfare.\u00a0J.A. Robbins et al., 2016.\u00a0Journal of animal science 94.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi:10.2527\/jas2016-0805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi:10.2527\/jas2016-0805<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<p>Animal welfare: is the intensification the problem? J.A. Mench. 2019.\u00a0<a href=\"\\Users\\arave\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCache\\Content.Outlook\\EJL6I1WD\\The%20Routledge%20Handbook%20of%20Animal%20Ethics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Routledge Handbook of Animal Ethics<\/a>. P141-154.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315105840\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315105840\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>The effects of herd size on the welfare of dairy cows in a pasture-based system using animal- and resource-based indicators. D.S. Beggs et al. 2019. Journal of Dairy Science. 102:3406-3420.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2018-14850\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2018-14850<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>Assessing the welfare level of intensive fattening pig farms in Germany with the Welfare Quality\u00ae protocol: does farm size matter? S. Meyer-Hamme et al. 2018. Animal Welfare 27(3): 275-286.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7120\/09627286.27.3.275\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7120\/09627286.27.3.275<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>Influence of herd size on human-cow relationships. S. Waiblinger and C. Menke. 1999.\u00a0Anthrozo\u00f6s,\u00a012(4)\u00a0:\u00a0240-247,https:\/\/doi.org\/<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2752\/089279399787000156\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.2752\/089279399787000156<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>Is Animal Welfare Better on Smaller Farms? D.M. Weary et al. 2019. In: Hild S. &amp; Schweitzer L. (Eds), Animal Welfare: From Science to Law, pp.133-139.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondation-droit-animal.org\/proceedings-aw\/is-animal-welfare-better-on-smaller-farms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.fondation-droit-animal.org\/proceedings-aw\/is-animal-welfare-better-on-smaller-farms\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>The major welfare problems of dairy cows in French commercial farms: an epidemiological approach.\u00a0A. de Boyer des Roches et al. 2014. Animal Welfare 23: 467-478.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7120\/09627286.23.4.467\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7120\/09627286.23.4.467<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>Le bien-\u00eatre des vaches laiti\u00e8res fran\u00e7aises pass\u00e9 au crible\u00a0: approche \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique. A. de Boyer des Roches et al. 2014. Le Point V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire 347\u00a0: 50-56\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58864f2b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"58864f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2db89a65 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"2db89a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7671\"><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup><sup id=\"1\"><a href=\"#R1\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0De Bakker et al., 2012.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"2\"><a href=\"#R2\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0https:\/\/agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr\/agreste-web\/download\/publication\/publie\/GraFra2021Chap12.6\/GraFra2021_bovins-productions-laitieres.pdf.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"3\"><a href=\"#R3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4137\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4137<\/a>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"4\"><a href=\"#R4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Depoudent et al, 2021\u00a0:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/productions-animales.org\/article\/view\/4808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/productions-animales.org\/article\/view\/4808<\/a>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"5\"><a href=\"#R5\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/economierurale\/5139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/economierurale\/5139<\/a>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"6\"><a href=\"#R6\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/reporterre.net\/La-Chine-a-ouvert-la-plus-grande-ferme-de-porcs-au-monde\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/reporterre.net\/La-Chine-a-ouvert-la-plus-grande-ferme-de-porcs-au-monde<\/a>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"7\"><a href=\"#R8\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R8\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr\/agreste-web\/download\/publication\/publie\/GraFra2021Chap12.10\/GraFra2021_aviculture-oeufs-foie-gras-cuniculture.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr\/agreste-web\/download\/publication\/publie\/GraFra2021Chap12.10\/GraFra2021_aviculture-oeufs-foie-gras-cuniculture.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"8\"><a href=\"#R8\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpi.nsw.gov.au\/animals-and-livestock\/poultry-and-birds\/poultry-planning-and-keeping\/poultry-keeping-environment\/egg-production-systems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a0https:\/\/www.dpi.nsw.gov.au\/animals-and-livestock\/poultry-and-birds\/poultry-planning-and-keeping\/poultry-keeping-environment\/egg-production-systems <\/a>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"9\"><a href=\"#R9\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Mazurel et al, 2010.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"10\"><a href=\"#R10\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Wellbrock et al, 2009.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"11\"><a href=\"#R11\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Stott et al, 2012.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"12\"><a href=\"#R12\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Robbins et al, 2016; Pol et al., 2021.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"13\"><a href=\"#R13\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0de Boyer des Roches et al, 2014.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"14\"><a href=\"#R14\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Robbins et al, 2016.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"15\"><a href=\"#R15\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Robbins et al, 2016.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"16\"><a href=\"#R16\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Beggs et al., 2019.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#R17\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R16\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Robbins et al, 2016.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"18\"><a href=\"#R18\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0De Boyer des Roches et al, 2014.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"19\"><a href=\"#R19\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Beggs et al., 2019.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup id=\"20\"><a href=\"#R20\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#R20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Russel and Bewley 2013, Heuwieser et al 2010).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2967097f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2967097f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47318f9b elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47318f9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01301ff elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"01301ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/22-03-Welfare-is-better-in-smaller-farms-TRUE-or-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download  pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22be7509 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"22be7509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KEEP IN MIND<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50bf1c7e elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"50bf1c7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-graph-2\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Farm size has increased significantly in recent years. However, French farms are still of modest sizes compared to many other countries<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-magnifying-glass-search\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Scientific publications do not show a direct link between animal welfare and the size of a farm<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-tractor\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Larger farms potentially present more risks for animal welfare, but also certain advantages in terms of better management (greater investment, etc.). Access to the outdoors is the most problematic issue<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Animal welfare depends mainly on farm management, which is specific to each farm regardless of its size<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f11096 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"76f11096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58c756d1 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58c756d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KEY FIGURE<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6001dc6a elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6001dc6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">46<\/span>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97bde2b elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97bde2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>is the <strong>average number of dairy cows<\/strong> per farm in France <strong>in 2020<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4423bc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4423bc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b12547d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5b12547d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-785cd64a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"785cd64a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1582298d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1582298d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43f040bc elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"43f040bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12309 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cows_in_the_meadow-scaled-e1668089609849.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4124\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">One welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tHedgerows are essential for the welfare of free-range animals, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12078 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-24006\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tGrazing animals are necessarily happy, TRUE OR FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9740 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-animal-welfare media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-common-to-all-animals-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-11174\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Animal welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-common-to-all-animals-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tWelfare is common to all animals, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do you think animal welfare is better in smaller farms? We answer!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":29272,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[],"themes":[308,283],"especes":[],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-9669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","themes-animal-welfare","themes-farming-101","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9669","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9669"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9669\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30364,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9669\/revisions\/30364"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29272"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9669"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9669"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9669"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=9669"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=9669"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=9669"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}