{"id":41861,"date":"2025-06-10T10:00:12","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T08:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/dog-tail-docking-and-ear-cropping\/"},"modified":"2026-03-03T12:32:29","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T11:32:29","slug":"dog-tail-docking-and-ear-cropping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/dog-tail-docking-and-ear-cropping\/","title":{"rendered":"Dog tail docking and ear cropping"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"41861\" class=\"elementor elementor-41861 elementor-37530\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5b470d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7b5b470d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7656ab0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7656ab0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52931e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52931e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cc7a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b2cc7a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ec667f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ec667f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d2e280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2d2e280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"479\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Vignette_ENG-479x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-41864\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Vignette_ENG-479x500.png 479w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Vignette_ENG-982x1024.png 982w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Vignette_ENG-768x801.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Vignette_ENG.png 1137w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 479px) 100vw, 479px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432379e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"432379e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1bc00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1bc00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\"><p>Cosmetic otoplasty or ear cropping (partial or total removal of the ears) and caudectomy or tail docking (partial or total amputation of the tail) are<strong> surgical practices that have been used for centuries on certain breeds of dogs<\/strong>. Ear cropping is <strong>now prohibited in France<\/strong>, except when medically justified.<\/p><div class=\"pt-0\"><div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\"><div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\u00a0<\/div><p>These surgeries <strong>raise questions about ethics and animal welfare<\/strong>. In this article, we examine what the law says about these practices and their <strong>consequences for the welfare and health of dogs.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52b09816 elementor-hidden-desktop e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52b09816\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41929e2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41929e2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c3407a elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"8c3407a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-balance-scale\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Dog ear cropping is prohibited in France, while tail docking remains permitted but regulated.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-book-medical\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">These procedures are not without risk to the animal's health and can have lifelong consequences.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-comment-dots\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">A dog's ears and tail play an essential role in its communication with other dogs. Cutting them off is depriving the dog of a means of expressing its emotions. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56835ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"56835ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1068cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1068cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\"><strong>Certain dog breeds are particularly prone to ear cropping and tail docking<\/strong>. <strong>Breeds historically used for fighting or guarding<\/strong>, such as the Doberman Pinscher, Cane Corso, American Bulldog, Mastiff, Rottweiler, and American Staffordshire Terrier, <strong>are often subjected to such surgeries<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Similarly, tail docking is commonly performed on <strong>hunting dogs<\/strong> such as the German Shorthaired Pointer, Brittany Spaniel, and English Cocker Spaniel.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42d6133 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42d6133\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ear cropping<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a9bc10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a9bc10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is ear cropping? <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9b55c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b9b55c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In dogs, ear cropping involves <strong>altering the appearance of the outer ear flap, usually by surgically removing up to half of it.<\/strong> After the surgery, the ears are bandaged and held in place with splints to promote healing in the desired shape. This procedure is generally performed when the puppy is between 9 and 12 weeks old. Most often, the dog is anesthetized before the procedure, and pain medication may be administered afterward, although it is not mandatory.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d557cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d557cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"463\" height=\"196\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Otectomie_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-41867\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c59260 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c59260\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Historically, ear cropping was used in France <strong>to limit ear injuries during hunting or fighting.<\/strong> It could also be performed <strong>for aesthetic reasons and to meet the standards of certain breeds.<\/strong> Indeed, once cropped, the ears remain erect, giving the dog <strong>a more imposing appearance<\/strong>. This procedure was therefore particularly common among guard and working dogs for its intimidating effect. It has also been suggested that cropping the ears reduces the risk of infections by limiting moisture and dirt in the ear canal.<\/p><p><strong>The effectiveness of ear cropping in preventing injuries or infections has not yet been demonstrated<\/strong>. The prevalence of ear infections, for example, in certain breeds of dogs with floppy ears, is thought to be more related to genetic predispositions within the breed, not ear shape<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c54e553 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"c54e553\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref2\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34144b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b34144b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caudectomy<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fc4bd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fc4bd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is tail docking?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d905a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8d905a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Caudectomy is <strong>the surgical removal of the distal portion (tip) of the tail.<\/strong> It is most often performed no later than five days after the puppy&#8217;s birth, which seems to limit pain, as the nerve tissue is not yet fully developed. <strong>The distal portion of the tail is removed with scissors or a scalpel, and the wound is then closed with one or more stitches.<\/strong><\/p><p>Another method involves placing an elastic band around the tail, which cuts off circulation in the tissues and leads to necrosis and the tail falling off.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f30455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f30455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"462\" height=\"198\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Caudectomie_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-41869\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e71d64e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e71d64e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This practice was first used on hunting and fighting dogs<strong> to reduce the risk of tail injuries<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>. For hunting dogs operating in forests or thickets, an undocked tail could be scratched by brambles or barbed wire, resulting in wounds that would take time to heal. <strong>It is still practiced today on various breeds of hunting, working, and terrier dogs<\/strong>. For other breeds, tail docking is primarily performed<strong> for aesthetic reasons<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Today, these practices are governed<strong> by regulations aimed at limiting medically unjustified interventions.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d08190 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3d08190\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref36\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fbda09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6fbda09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From a legal point of view<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec5221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ec5221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Today in France, ear cropping for non-medical reasons is prohibited<\/strong>. This prohibition stems from the ratification and entry into force in 2004 of the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals of 13 November 1987<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>Article 10 of this convention states that <em>surgical interventions intended to alter the appearance of a pet or for other non-curative purposes must be prohibited and in particular<\/em>:<\/p><ul><li><em>tail docking;<\/em><\/li><li><em>ear cropping;<\/em><\/li><li><em>severing of the vocal cords;<\/em><\/li><li><em>removal of claws and teeth.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The exceptions to this article concern interventions deemed necessary by a veterinarian <strong>for medical reasons or for the welfare of the animal.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Ear cropping is prohibited in all European Union countries<\/strong>, as well as in Switzerland since 1981 and in the United Kingdom since 2006<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>. However, it is permitted or tolerated in other countries and <strong>remains practiced, notably in the United States.<\/strong><\/p><p>With regard to tail docking, <strong>France has not ratified the relevant paragraph of the convention cited above. It is therefore still authorized<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>However, <strong>some breed standards now prohibit this practice and no longer consider tail docking a criterion for conformation<\/strong>. This is the case for <strong>Rottweilers<\/strong> and <strong>Cane Corsos born after 2019<\/strong>, for which the French Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Centrale Canine <strong>no longer recognizes this criteria for breed confirmation<\/strong> examinations and dog shows. Seven other breeds, including the <strong>Boxer<\/strong> and the <strong>Doberman Pinscher<\/strong>, followed this trend in 2020. <a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e826af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6e826af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd129ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd129ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ceb9c3f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ceb9c3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b664718 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b664718\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e014e2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e014e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86ac08b elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"86ac08b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>A breed confirmation examination is an official evaluation conducted by a specialized judge, either as part of a competition or as part of registering a dog in the studbook, to verify that a dog conforms to the breed standards. This examination is generally performed on purebred dogs to confirm that they meet the standards established by breed clubs (size, weight, physical characteristics, behavior, etc.). To learn more, see our <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/is-hypertype-contrary-to-animal-welfare\/\"><strong>article on hypertype<\/strong>.<\/a>  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-698d3e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"698d3e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e0240 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13e0240\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tail docking <strong>must be performed by a veterinarian<\/strong>, as it is not included in the list of animal medical or surgical interventions that can be performed by non-veterinarians (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000024642908\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Decree of October 5, 2011<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3125841 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3125841\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d006bbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d006bbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6be1f75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6be1f75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>\ud83d\udccc Is tail docking painful?<\/strong><\/h5><div><p>There is still debate around the pain experienced by puppies during tail docking. Although it is difficult to objectively quantify the stress experienced by puppies during this operation, observations made during one study<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>suggest that they do experience pain during it<\/strong>.<\/p><p>However, another studye<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a> concludes that, in puppies <strong>less than 7 days old<\/strong>, their brains are not yet developed enough for them to consciously feel pain during the procedure. Reactions, such as vocalizations, are likely due to automatic reflexes rather than a true perception of pain. This same study nevertheless indicates that <strong>docking a puppy&#8217;s tail in its first week of life may make it more sensitive to pain throughout its life<\/strong>, and may cause&#8230; chronic pain and distal portion hypersensitivity. <a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc28fd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"bc28fd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref711\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1683eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1683eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From a health perspective<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-347ba41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"347ba41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Regarding ear cropping, the main health consequences are related to the surgical procedure itself. Ear removal requires <strong>general anesthesia<\/strong>, which can carry risks. After surgery, healing and manipulations such as bandaging or straightening the ears can be painful for several months. <strong>Complications,<\/strong> such as infections or deformities, can occur and may require further surgical interventions<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>Regarding tail docking, some studies suggest that dogs with <strong>docked tails may have less developed pelvic floor muscles, but the evidence remains limited.<\/strong> Certain breeds in which tail docking is routinely performed show a <strong>higher incidence of incontinence<\/strong>, but this could also be influenced by other factors (sex, neutering, genetics)<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a>. In some of these breeds, the levator ani muscle and coccygeal muscle (the muscle that allows the dog to tuck its tail between its hind legs) are also thought to be less developed<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>. <strong>Finally, since the tail plays a role in a dog&#8217;s balance, its amputation could impact its mobility.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fd1e38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"8fd1e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1213\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2145fb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2145fb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From a behavioral point of view<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31bcfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d31bcfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Between dogs<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d54812 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d54812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Part of canine communication involves the positioning of dogs\u2019 ears. Indeed, dogs can express their emotional state, social status, or willingness to fight by using their ears<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Somehow<strong> like eyebrows in humans!<\/strong><\/p><p>With its ears cut and erect, the dog is therefore <strong>deprived of part of its ways of communicating its emotions.<\/strong><\/p><p>Dogs can fold their ears back to varying degrees depending on their level of excitement. Ears may be turned backward to express an intention to appease, or be completely flattened or pinned back (\u201cseal ears\u201d) in a frightened dog or in response to a conflict situation. Conversely, ears turned forward are associated with interest, attention, and an intention to approach, while a lateral ear position reflects a state of internal conflict<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5267b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c5267b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-des-oreilles_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Position des oreilles_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDE4NzEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNlwvUG9zaXRpb24tZGVzLW9yZWlsbGVzX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-des-oreilles_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-41871\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-des-oreilles_ENG.png 902w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-des-oreilles_ENG-500x149.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-des-oreilles_ENG-768x228.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79f6aea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79f6aea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Regarding tail docking, <strong>tail movements are essential in canine communication.<\/strong> They not only express the dog&#8217;s emotional state and intentions, but also play a <strong>key role in its interactions with other dogs.<\/strong><\/p><p>Research has shown that the direction of tail wagging provides precise information. A dog that sees its owner, considered a positive stimulus, will tend to wag its tail more towards the owner. Tail wagging to the right indicates <strong>a desire to approach.<\/strong> Conversely, when faced with an unfamiliar dog perceived as a potential threat, a dog will wag its tail more to the left, indicating withdrawal or hesitation. Dogs themselves react to these differences. A dog that observes another dog wagging its tail primarily to the left, <strong>will show more stress signals<\/strong> &#8211; which are also accompanied by an increased heart rate. <strong>Certain tail positions may allow dogs to send appeasement signals to other dogs.<\/strong> Furthermore, tail wagging may sometimes <strong>help the dog calm itself.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0642b8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0642b8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-queue_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Position queue_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDE4NzMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNlwvUG9zaXRpb24tcXVldWVfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-queue_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-41873\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-queue_ENG.png 901w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-queue_ENG-500x149.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Position-queue_ENG-768x228.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c50923 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c50923\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These elements underscore the<strong> importance of the tail in canine body language<\/strong> and highlight the consequences that tail docking can have on their intraspecific interactions and welfare. Tail docking can therefore alter <strong>dogs\u2019 communication of intention and positive and negative emotions, which is essential for their welfare<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10f58f elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"c10f58f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1415\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d63b48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5d63b48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">With humans<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7de85a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7de85a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ear and tail docking not only affect communication between dogs, but also influence how humans perceive dogs with cropped ears and\/or tails. A study on approximately 400 people found that <strong>dogs with cropped ears and\/or tails were perceived as more aggressive<\/strong>, <strong>more dominant, less playful, and less attractive<\/strong> than dogs that had not undergone these surgeries. This difference in perception may lead to differentiated treatment by humans<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aa5c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7aa5c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-280de063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"280de063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b951a5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b951a5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In conclusion, although respectively prohibited and regulated, <strong>ear cropping and tail docking are still sometimes performed to the detriment of dogs&#8217; health and welfare.<\/strong> <strong>These surgeries not only affect communication between dogs but could also alter human perception of these animals.<\/strong> The ban on tail docking is, in fact, among the key measures listed by the government in the French National Plan to Improve the Welfare of Domestic Animals, launched on May 22, 2024.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bff9b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"5bff9b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"renvoi\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4768644 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4768644\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cad82 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"c1cad82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\"><p><a href=\"#ref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>Norris, L. J., Pinchbeck, G. L., Noble, P. J. M., &amp; Radford, A. D.<\/strong> (2023). Dogs with cropped ears in the UK: a population\u2010based study using electronic health records. <em>Veterinary Record<\/em>, <em>192<\/em>(5), no-no. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>Mills, K. E., von Keyserlingk, M. A., &amp; Niel, L.<\/strong> (2016). A review of medically unnecessary surgeries in dogs and cats. <em>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association<\/em>, <em>248<\/em>(2), 162-171. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref36\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><strong> Houlton, J. E. F.<\/strong> (2008). A survey of gundog lameness and injuries in Great Britain in the shooting seasons 2005\/2006 and 2006\/2007. <em>Veterinary and comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology<\/em>, <em>21<\/em>(03), 231-237. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref36\"><sup>[4] <\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000000247819\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">D\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2004-416 du 11 mai 2004 portant publication de la convention europ\u00e9enne pour la protection des animaux de compagnie<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref36\"><sup>[5] <\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2006\/45\/contents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Animal Welfare Act 2006<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref36\"><sup>[6] <\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021647477\/2010-01-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Article R214-21<\/a> du Code rural et de la p\u00eache maritime.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref711\"><sup>[7] <\/sup><\/a><strong>Noonan, G. J., Rand, J. S., Blackshaw, J. K., &amp; Priest, J.<\/strong> (1996). Behavioural observations of puppies undergoing tail docking. <em>Applied Animal Behaviour Science<\/em>, <em>49<\/em>(4), 335-342. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref711\"><sup>[8] <\/sup><\/a><strong>Mellor, D. J.<\/strong> (2018). Tail docking of canine puppies: Reassessment of the tail\u2019s role in communication, the acute pain caused by docking and interpretation of behavioural responses. <em>Animals<\/em>, <em>8<\/em>(6), 82. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref711\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-10\/avma-lit-review-ear-cropping-0824.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">AVMA \u2013 Literature review on the welfare implications of ear cropping in dogs<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref711\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>Holt, P. E., &amp; Thrusfield, M. V<\/strong>. (1993). Association in bitches between breed, size, neutering and docking, and acquired urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism. <em>The Veterinary Record<\/em>, <em>133<\/em>(8), 177-180.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref711\"><sup>[11] <\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-12\/avma-lit-review-dog-tail-docking-1124.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">AVMA &#8211; Literature review on the welfare implications of tail docking of dogs<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref1213\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>Packov\u00e1, A., &amp; Tak\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, D.<\/strong> (2020). Dogs health related to ear cropping. <em>Folia Vet<\/em>, <em>64<\/em>(1), 77-82. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref1213\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>Siniscalchi, M., d\u2019Ingeo, S., Minunno, M., &amp; Quaranta, A.<\/strong> (2018). Communication in dogs. <em>Animals<\/em>, <em>8<\/em>(8), 131 <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref1415\"><sup>[14] <\/sup><\/a><strong>Mellor, D. J.<\/strong> (2018). Tail docking of canine puppies: Reassessment of the tail\u2019s role in communication, the acute pain caused by docking and interpretation of behavioural responses. <em>Animals<\/em>, <em>8<\/em>(6), 82. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref1415\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>Mills, K. E., Robbins, J., &amp; von Keyserlingk, M. A<\/strong>. (2016). Tail docking and ear cropping dogs: Public awareness and perceptions. <em>PloS one<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>(6), e0158131.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bdd84d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7bdd84d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2569809e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2569809e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21af8132 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21af8132\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4147def6 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4147def6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dca06e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3dca06e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42fdef83 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"42fdef83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-balance-scale\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Dog ear cropping is prohibited in France, while tail docking remains permitted but regulated.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-book-medical\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">These procedures are not without risk to the animal's health and can have lifelong consequences.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-comment-dots\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">A dog's ears and tail play an essential role in its communication with other dogs. Cutting them off is depriving the dog of a means of expressing its emotions. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-725f7dc3 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"725f7dc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad08c88 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ad08c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d75baab elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d75baab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2004<\/span>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68b1556e elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68b1556e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Date of ratification of the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals by France.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a7abc3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2a7abc3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26d80798 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"26d80798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55029397 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55029397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b2ef956 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"1b2ef956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-39788 formations type-formations status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry type_formations-personal-training\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/formations\/medical-training-for-dogs\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Newbie-Aaaaah-2HD-500x333.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-32685\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Newbie-Aaaaah-2HD-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Newbie-Aaaaah-2HD-1280x853.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Newbie-Aaaaah-2HD-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Newbie-Aaaaah-2HD-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Newbie-Aaaaah-2HD.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/formations\/medical-training-for-dogs\/\">\n\t\t\t\tMedical training for dogs\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26746 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-pets especes-dogs media-infographics-en\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/all-about-dogs\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/vignette_ENG-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-26805\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/vignette_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/vignette_ENG-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/vignette_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/vignette_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/vignette_ENG.png 1081w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Pets<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/all-about-dogs\/\">\n\t\t\t\tSpecies sheet &#8211; All about dogs!\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-28568 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-pets especes-dogs media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/choke-and-shock-collars-are-good-for-dogs-and-their-training-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-12-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-27038\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-12-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-12-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-12-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-12-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-12.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Pets<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/choke-and-shock-collars-are-good-for-dogs-and-their-training-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tChoke and shock collars are good for dogs and their training, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-34621 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites tag-definitions-en tag-pets themes-pets especes-dogs media-articles-en media-infographics-en\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/is-hypertype-contrary-to-animal-welfare\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/vignette_ENG-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-34647\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/vignette_ENG-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/vignette_ENG-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/vignette_ENG-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/vignette_ENG-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/vignette_ENG-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/vignette_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Pets<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/is-hypertype-contrary-to-animal-welfare\/\">\n\t\t\t\tIs hypertype contrary to animal welfare?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ear cropping, which is prohibited in France, and tail docking are still sometimes practiced on certain breeds. What does the law say, and what are the implications for dog welfare? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":41864,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[501,252,371],"themes":[299],"especes":[298],"media":[341],"class_list":["post-41861","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-behavior","tag-pets","tag-reglementation-en","themes-pets","especes-dogs","media-articles-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41861","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41861"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41861\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41955,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41861\/revisions\/41955"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41861"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41861"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41861"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=41861"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=41861"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=41861"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}