{"id":40572,"date":"2025-04-08T11:00:39","date_gmt":"2025-04-08T09:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/impacts-des-differents-types-de-sols-sur-le-bien-etre-et-le-comportement-des-porcs\/"},"modified":"2026-03-05T08:41:43","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T07:41:43","slug":"impacts-des-differents-types-de-sols-sur-le-bien-etre-et-le-comportement-des-porcs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/impacts-des-differents-types-de-sols-sur-le-bien-etre-et-le-comportement-des-porcs\/","title":{"rendered":"Impacts of different soil types on pig welfare and behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"40572\" class=\"elementor elementor-40572 elementor-35756\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5b470d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7b5b470d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7656ab0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7656ab0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52931e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52931e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cc7a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b2cc7a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ec667f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ec667f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d2e280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2d2e280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Vignettes-2-formats-type-de-sols-porcs_ENG-1-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-40610\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Vignettes-2-formats-type-de-sols-porcs_ENG-1-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Vignettes-2-formats-type-de-sols-porcs_ENG-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Vignettes-2-formats-type-de-sols-porcs_ENG-1-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Vignettes-2-formats-type-de-sols-porcs_ENG-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Vignettes-2-formats-type-de-sols-porcs_ENG-1.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432379e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"432379e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c1df80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"6c1df80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref12\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1bc00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1bc00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\"><div class=\"pt-0\"><div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\"><div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\"><p>In November 2024, the Centre National National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour le Bien-Etre Animal (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnr-bea.fr\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">CNR BEA<\/a><\/strong>) published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnr-bea.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/FRCAW_CNRBEA_2025_Literature-review-on-the-impact-of-partly-or-fully-solid-flooring-systems-on-the-welfare-and-behaviour-of-pigs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">a literature review on the impacts of different soiling types (solid floor, partly slatted floor, or fully slatted floor) on the welfare and behavior of pigs<\/a>. Here is a summary of this work.<\/p><p>In France, the <strong>vast majority of pig farming takes place indoors<\/strong>. The flooring used in these buildings can vary depending on the <strong>type of farming<\/strong> or the <strong>stage of rearing<\/strong> (farrowing, post-weaning, finishing). Each type of flooring has its advantages and disadvantages, both <strong>economically<\/strong> and in terms of <strong>animal and human welfare<\/strong>. Regarding pig welfare, particular attention is paid to the impact of flooring on hygiene, health, and behavioral expression.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52b09816 elementor-hidden-desktop e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52b09816\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41929e2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41929e2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c3407a elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"8c3407a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-warehouse\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The majority of pig farms in France use fully slatted floors (solid slats alternating with openings).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2pig\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The type of flooring and the presence of bedding will influence the behavior of pigs.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-layer-group\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The welfare of pigs increases according to the type of flooring, following a gradient (fully slatted flooring &lt; partly slatted flooring &lt; solid flooring &lt; deep litter), which is associated with the amount of straw provided.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56835ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"56835ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref3\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42d6133 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42d6133\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pig behavior<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a9bc10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a9bc10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pig behavior<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9b55c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b9b55c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indoor pigs spend most of their time <strong>lying down and feeding<\/strong>. While very common when pigs are kept in semi-free ranges, <strong>interactions with their environment<\/strong> (particularly exploration, oral manipulation, and foraging behaviors) are <strong>often limited by the type of flooring used<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Here are some examples of the main behavioral categories in pigs:<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be99068 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"be99068\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c75c9a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c75c9a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elimination (defecation and urination)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cce98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c1cce98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rest<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07ecd0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07ecd0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comfort behavior<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d68445 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d68445\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Feeding<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-006a322 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"006a322\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5300fb2 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5300fb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f95aad5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f95aad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"730\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-dejection.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35800\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-dejection.png 812w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-dejection-500x456.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-dejection-768x701.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a80232 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a80232\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"721\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-repos.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35771\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-repos.png 823w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-repos-500x451.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-repos-768x692.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaa1ff4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eaa1ff4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"792\" height=\"742\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-confort-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-36279\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-confort-2.png 792w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-confort-2-500x468.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-confort-2-768x720.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cdd0a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6cdd0a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"742\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-alimentaire.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35775\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-alimentaire.png 742w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-alimentaire-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-alimentaire-260x260.png 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3815869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3815869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92b9452 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"92b9452\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2481dcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2481dcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thermoregulation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e691e21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e691e21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nesting<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a4be9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a4be9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Social interactions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86e2507 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"86e2507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manipulation, investigation, exploration<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a60950 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a60950\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-200d8a2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"200d8a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"719\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-thermoregulation.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35802\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-thermoregulation.png 826w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-thermoregulation-500x449.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-thermoregulation-768x690.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6f2317 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f6f2317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"742\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-nidification.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35804\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-nidification.png 742w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-nidification-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-nidification-260x260.png 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a3509b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0a3509b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-interactions-congeneres-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35822\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-interactions-congeneres-1.png 915w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-interactions-congeneres-1-500x405.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-interactions-congeneres-1-768x622.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529e9a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"529e9a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"741\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-exploration.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35763\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-exploration.png 742w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-exploration-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-exploration-260x260.png 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9c42d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f9c42d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c954a5d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c954a5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0700f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0700f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>\ud83d\udccc Examples of materials that pigs can handle:<\/h5><ul><li><strong>Materials used for bedding: <\/strong>straw, sawdust\/wood shavings, peat<\/li><li><strong>Nesting materials<\/strong>: bedding, long-stem straw, chopped straw, alfalfa hay, hay, burlap<\/li><li><strong>Feed-type materials<\/strong>: bread, hay\/fodder<\/li><li><strong>Deformable objects:<\/strong> rubber hoses, wooden sticks, ropes, burlap sacks<\/li><li><strong>Non-deformable objects<\/strong>: balls, plastic balloons or metal chains<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee3127f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee3127f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If pigs cannot express these behaviors, it can generate <strong>frustration<\/strong> and be a source of <strong>distress<\/strong>, but also induce redirected behaviors, including<em><strong> tail biting.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bcf0bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bcf0bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-100c856 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"100c856\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Redirected behaviors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41c55be elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"41c55be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"707\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-rediriges.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35808\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-rediriges.png 840w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-rediriges-500x442.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Porcs-rediriges-768x678.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c54e553 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"c54e553\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f18751 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f18751\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1da3f40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1da3f40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-586a6a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"586a6a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2ced74 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e2ced74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00a61f7 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"00a61f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29116d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"29116d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to the EFSA, tail biting is<em> \"inflicted by conspecifics, and results in damage to the skin, muscles, bones, cartilage, blood vessels and nerve tissue\"<\/em><a href=\"#renvoi\">[1]<\/a>. This abnormal behavior is multifactorial, with risk factors such as a lack of enrichment or the percentage of slatted flooring. Prevention currently most often involves tail docking, a painful procedure that does not address the underlying causes of tail biting. Although European legislation prohibits this procedure as a routine practice, it remains widely used in France, based on exemptions.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4b8a4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c4b8a4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5038139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5038139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Advantages and disadvantages of soil types for pigs and farmers <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1322230 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1322230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d62c81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d62c81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fully slatted flooring<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b58f67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b58f67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d70b480 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d70b480\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f5219f elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f5219f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-1280x1011.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35894\" alt=\"Caillebotis int\u00e9gral\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-1280x1011.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-1536x1213.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis.png 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b280925 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b280925\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A<\/strong> <strong>fully slatted floor<\/strong> is a floor <strong>entirely composed of solid slats alternating with openings<\/strong> that allow for the removal of manure. It is made from various materials such as concrete, metal or plastic, which are generally selected according to the production stage (farrowing, birth, post-weaning, finishing).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d905a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8d905a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This type of flooring is <strong>mainly<\/strong> used in pig farming in Europe and in France. In 2018, it was estimated that it represented approximately <strong>85 to 90% of French livestock buildings<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d126ff1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"d126ff1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for pigs <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06a7cac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"06a7cac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4139a0d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4139a0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb2a23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1fb2a23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2035675 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2035675\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66114bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"66114bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d6ce33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8d6ce33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a70b029 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a70b029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Good manure removal:<\/strong> the enclosure and animals are cleaner.<\/p><p><strong>Good animal and environmental hygiene:<\/strong> reduced risk of infectious diseases caused in particular by salmonella.<\/p><p><strong>Favorable for thermoregulation<\/strong> in pigs during hot weather because it is cooler than other types of flooring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2533558 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2533558\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5d52a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5d52a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f1d73a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f1d73a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a39d983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a39d983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>In winter, it makes pigs&#8217; thermoregulation less effective<\/strong> and can lead to heat stress.<\/p><p>The<strong> lack of enrichment<\/strong> in this type of enclosure, often combined with <strong>high animal density,<\/strong> poses a high risk of <strong>redirected behaviors<\/strong> toward conspecifics, including <strong>tail biting<\/strong>.<\/p><p><strong>Enrichment materials<\/strong> (e.g., litter and fodder) that allow for exploratory and nesting behaviors are <strong>mostly incompatible<\/strong> with this type of flooring because they can <strong>get stuck in the openings<\/strong> and block the manure removal.<\/p><p><strong>Increases the risk of foot injuries<\/strong>, lameness, tail and ear wounds, and <em>bursitis<\/em> (inflammation around the joints).<\/p><p><strong>Ammonia emissions<\/strong> from the <strong><em>pre-pit<\/em> <\/strong>(the pit beneath the animals where waste falls) can also lead to <strong>poor air quality<\/strong> and <strong>cause respiratory and eye problems<\/strong> for pigs and humans. High concentrations of ammonia in the air are <strong>among the risk factors for tail biting.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for breeders <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b1c84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6b1c84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6edd33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6edd33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-399f57a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"399f57a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddee15e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ddee15e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a26075 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a26075\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38e7515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38e7515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcbb615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcbb615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Low costs<\/strong> related to adding substrates or labor for cleaning and waste management.<\/p><p>Possibility to <strong>valorize the collected slurry.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f57aef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9f57aef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-979367a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"979367a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cab828 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4cab828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cf0956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6cf0956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tail biting leads to <strong>economic losses<\/strong> due to carcass downgrading at the slaughterhouse (the carcass is reclassified into a lower quality category) and requires <strong>more interventions<\/strong> on the animals.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Ammonia emissions<\/strong> from the slurry pit <strong>pollute the environment<\/strong> and can cause nuisance for nearby residents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7ded8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c7ded8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce8cadd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ce8cadd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Partly slatted flooring<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06db424 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"06db424\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-867e945 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"867e945\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bf0e04 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0bf0e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-1280x1012.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35909\" alt=\"Caillebotis partiel\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-1280x1012.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-1536x1214.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel.png 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38053b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38053b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Partly slatted flooring<\/strong> combines a <strong>slatted section<\/strong> (30 to 50% of the surface area) with <strong>a solid floor area<\/strong>, known as<strong><em> lying area<\/em><\/strong>. The solid floor is often made of concrete, sometimes with bedding. Pigs prefer to <strong>lie down in the lying area<\/strong>, while the slatted section is used for waste disposal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e0240 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13e0240\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This type of flooring aims to balance <strong>hygiene and comfort<\/strong>: the slatted section keeps the enclosure clean, while the solid floor offers a more comfortable resting space.<\/p><p>In 2015 in France, it was estimated that partly slatted flooring was present in <strong>9% of livestock buildings<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eac1c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"7eac1c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for pigs <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49c22d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49c22d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d24f2cc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d24f2cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e770c23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e770c23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7ae688 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a7ae688\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be51b3f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"be51b3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e7ed48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e7ed48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41b86b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41b86b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The solid section offers pigs <strong>more comfort<\/strong> than slatted flooring when they are lying down.<\/p><p>The animal can <strong>divide the space into several living areas<\/strong> (sleeping area, elimination area): this helps keep the sleeping area clean.<\/p><p><strong>Favors thermoregulation<\/strong> in pigs, which can lie on slatted flooring during hot periods and on solid flooring during cold periods.<\/p><p>Causes <strong>less foot lesions and lameness<\/strong> than solid flooring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de4bcd8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de4bcd8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1320\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc36d2a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cc36d2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04a7002 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04a7002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-048ecb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"048ecb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If stocking <strong>density and\/or temperature are too high<\/strong>, pigs will defecate on the solid-floor area (fouling), which <strong>harms the hygiene of both the animals and the pen<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Fouling <strong>disrupts pigs\u2019 resting behavior and increases negative interactions<\/strong> between them.<\/p><p>Without rooting materials and without added straw, pigs have <strong>few opportunities to express exploratory and nest-building behaviors<\/strong>, increasing the risk of tail biting.<\/p><p>Partially slatted flooring <strong>increases the occurrence of leg injuries<\/strong> compared with fully solid flooring.<\/p><p>The effects of partially slatted floors on ammonia emissions are still debated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for breeders <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0e1310 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b0e1310\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16ca689 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16ca689\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ef6f41 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ef6f41\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cb592 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2cb592\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dde9d4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dde9d4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c4bcc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c4bcc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d808eaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d808eaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Low costs<\/strong> related to adding substrates or labor for cleaning and waste management.\u00a0<\/p><p>Odor emissions are <strong>less intense<\/strong> than with fully slatted floor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61b34d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61b34d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1321\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3f3e6f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3f3e6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14f4396 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"14f4396\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-881feab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"881feab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Same disadvantages as fully slatted floor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd76452 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bd76452\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8f0dba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8f0dba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Solid flooring<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-405d781 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"405d781\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e3c668 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e3c668\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a6522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a6522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A solid floor is a <strong>non-perforated surface<\/strong>, often made of concrete, where excrement needs to be removed regularly, either manually or with mechanical scrapers; urine is often drained separately.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-170c6de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"170c6de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This type of flooring can be used with <strong>no bedding<\/strong>, with a <strong>thin layer of straw<\/strong>, or with <strong>deep litter<\/strong> ( &gt; 10 \u2013 15 cm of straw or sawdust).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e247e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7e247e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e53eb0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9e53eb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-1280x1011.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35920\" alt=\"Sol plein nu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-1280x1011.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-1536x1213.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu.png 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cebb66 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7cebb66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-1280x1011.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35987\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-1280x1011.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-1536x1213.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee.png 1747w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd08029 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cd08029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-1280x1012.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35985\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-1280x1012.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-1536x1214.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde.png 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cbb874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cbb874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In 2015, approximately <strong>5% of French pig buildings used deep litter<\/strong>, while less than 0.5% used <strong>solid flooring with no bedding<\/strong>\u00a0or with <strong>scraped litter<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0817795 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0817795\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e59227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e59227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Solid flooring with no bedding<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561198f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"561198f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bd2ae0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"5bd2ae0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for pigs <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2544531 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2544531\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6da137 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6da137\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56767af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56767af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c572f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c572f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-135ca92 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"135ca92\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b309ffd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b309ffd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a40b740 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a40b740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12c4140 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12c4140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Greater comfort when resting<\/strong> than on slatted floors.<\/p><p><strong>Negative social interactions between pigs are less common<\/strong> than on slatted floors.<\/p><p>Pigs have <strong>fewer foot injuries and lameness<\/strong> than on slatted floors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00c0876 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00c0876\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9620\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4607b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4607b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c80657 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6c80657\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7f79c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b7f79c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With insufficient cleaning, manure can accumulate and<strong> affect pig hygiene<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Maintaining floor hygiene is <strong>more difficult, increasing the risk of gastroenteritis. <\/strong><\/p><p>On slippery floors (due to excrement, for instance) pigs are more likely to <strong>slip, fall, and injure themselves<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p><p>Concrete floors that are i<strong>n poor condition or too abrasive cause greater damage to the feet<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for breeders <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbba36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbbba36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d477ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d477ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8690fd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8690fd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b35f4e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b35f4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c1a03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63c1a03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b13924c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b13924c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdbe2e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fdbe2e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-105ef0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"105ef0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lower energy costs<\/strong> than with full or partially slatted floors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55052d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55052d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9621\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aff35fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aff35fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-922fbcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"922fbcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150b2a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"150b2a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>More cleaning work<\/strong> than with slatted floors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec08940 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ec08940\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07fa02b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07fa02b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Solid flooring with scrapped litter<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac5d8fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ac5d8fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c738ea3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"c738ea3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for pigs <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1249716 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1249716\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d66e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62d66e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-425686e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"425686e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2db8ca7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2db8ca7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e0ce66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e0ce66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce7e317 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ce7e317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8961643 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8961643\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Good separation of living areas<\/strong>: with the straw-covered resting area, reduced risk of <strong>fouling<\/strong>.<\/p><p><strong>Better thermal comfort:<\/strong> pigs prefer to lie on straw when temperatures are low or neutral and on solid flooring when temperatures are high.<\/p><p><strong>Better expression of exploration and nesting behaviors<\/strong> than on solid flooring with no bedding, depending on the amount of straw provided: the risk of tail biting is greatly reduced.<\/p><p><strong>Negative social interactions are less prevalent<\/strong> than on slatted flooring.<\/p><p><strong>Better grip on the floor<\/strong> compared to slatted floors and solid floors with no bedding, reducing the risk of falls.<\/p><p><strong>Less ammonia emissions<\/strong> than solid flooring with no bedding thanks to absorption by litter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3825bcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3825bcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2080\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0881ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0881ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-936516f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"936516f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-128ceca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"128ceca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If <strong>too little straw<\/strong> is provided: the risk of <strong>tail biting and lameness<\/strong> persists.<\/p><p>If the straw is <strong>wet<\/strong>: risk of <strong>mold growth<\/strong> producing <strong><em>mycotoxins<\/em><\/strong> (toxins produced by certain fungi). These risks pose a <strong>threat to animal health<\/strong> and may <strong>reduce sow fertility<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for breeders <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09f6cfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"09f6cfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89ab806 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"89ab806\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-304c507 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"304c507\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b1b1f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b1b1f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97ef406 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"97ef406\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cfb41c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cfb41c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc468c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc468c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27b1550 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27b1550\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fewer carcass downgrades at the slaughterhouse<\/strong> than with slatted floors or solid floors.<\/p><p><strong>Fewer injuries<\/strong> means less animal care.<\/p><p>Possibility of <strong>recycling manure.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Lower energy costs<\/strong> compared to slatted floors and solid floors with no bedding.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Ammonia emissions are lower<\/strong> thanks to the bedding, and there is<strong> less odor<\/strong> than with fully slatted flooring<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb07da0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fb07da0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2081\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad86b6e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ad86b6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-039c062 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"039c062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fac7a91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fac7a91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cost of straw.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>More work<\/strong> for mulching the floor.<\/p><p><strong>Floor hygiene is<\/strong> <strong>more difficult to maintain<\/strong> than with slatted floors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e916a35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e916a35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c86864b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c86864b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Solid flooring with deep litter<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42ca28f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"42ca28f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e759e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"8e759e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for pigs <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d644e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"06d644e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-354b0f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"354b0f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73fd634 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73fd634\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b2649 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39b2649\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-725e3e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"725e3e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56444a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56444a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f74d25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f74d25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ensures a <strong>clean and dry enclosure<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Deep bedding ensures <strong>thermal comfort during cold periods<\/strong>.<\/p><p><strong>Very conducive to exploratory behavior:<\/strong> pigs show increased activity directed toward the litter, such as investigating and rooting.<\/p><p>The <strong>thicker the bedding, the more frequent positive social behaviors are<\/strong> and the rarer negative behaviors are, particularly tail biting.<\/p><p><strong>Better nursing behavior in sows<\/strong> and <strong>higher piglet survival rates<\/strong> compared to other types of flooring.<\/p><p><strong>Less injuries<\/strong> of carpus and tarsus, <strong>no risk of slipping<\/strong> compared to other types of flooring.<\/p><p><strong>More space per animal<\/strong>: the number of pigs per square meter must be lower than in other systems to ensure good hygiene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d50520 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d50520\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c146672 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c146672\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-884f5a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"884f5a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82ec379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82ec379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As <strong>temperatures rise<\/strong>, litter fermentation will occur and produce heat, which can lead to pig\u00a0<strong>thermoregulation problems.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Poor-quality straw<\/strong>, wood chips, or sawdust increase the number of <strong>airborne particles<\/strong> (e.g., dust, mold, fungi) that are associated with <strong>respiratory disorders<\/strong> in pigs and humans.<\/p><p>Compared to scraped litter system, <strong>deep litter increases emissions of gases<\/strong> such as ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane in the building. If litter removal and replacement are not properly managed, deep litter can <strong>accumulate viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Advantages and disadvantages for breeders <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86b5381 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"86b5381\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78a50b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78a50b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a812d27 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a812d27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bec220 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8bec220\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aff1751 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aff1751\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2593620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2593620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-143d853 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"143d853\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fewer carcasses downgraded<\/strong> at the slaughterhouse compared to other flooring types.<\/p><p><strong>Fewer injuries<\/strong>, therefore less animal care required compared to other types of flooring.<\/p><p><strong>Manure can be recycled.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Energy costs are lower<\/strong> compared to other flooring types.<\/p><p><strong>Ammonia emissions are reduced<\/strong> thanks to the bedding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f29041 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f29041\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c943f1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c943f1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b8fd9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b8fd9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disadvantages identified by the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b797c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b797c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cost of straw<\/strong> and potential supply issues.<\/p><p>The <strong>investment cost is high<\/strong> because the buildings must be specifically designed for this type of soil.<\/p><p><strong>More work for mulching and cleaning <\/strong>at the end of the cycle<strong>.<\/strong><\/p><p>Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions are still present.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-502db29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"502db29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recommandations of the CNR BEA<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1683eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1683eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recommandations of the CNR BEA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-347ba41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"347ba41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For each type of soil, <strong>the CNR BEA proposes<\/strong>, based on a literature review, a <strong>series of recommendations<\/strong> <strong>aimed at improving pig welfare<\/strong>. These recommendations do not necessarily imply changing the type of soil used or modifying the building, <strong>but rather optimizing conditions to promote animal welfare<\/strong>, regardless of the soil types.<\/p><p>Here are some recommendations that do not require any changes to the building:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7c649d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"a7c649d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref23\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3896cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3896cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e7eccd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e7eccd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8df9b2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8df9b2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-1280x1011.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35894\" alt=\"Caillebotis int\u00e9gral\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-1280x1011.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-1536x1213.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis.png 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32c27d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32c27d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e43b06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e43b06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Providing <strong>small quantities of bedding,<\/strong> for example chopped straw.<\/li><li>Distributing several types of objects at once, for <strong>manipulation<\/strong>; renewed regularly, and in accordance with Recommendation (EU) 2016\/336 <a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/li><li>Installing <strong>rubber mats<\/strong>, which should be cleaned regularly.<\/li><li>Ensuring <strong>efficient ventilation<\/strong> of the building.<\/li><li>Removing the manure <strong>regularly<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Choices for slatted floors:<ul><li><strong>plastic<\/strong> \/plasticized is preferable for piglets.<\/li><li>use <strong>non-abrasive<\/strong> materials.<\/li><li>choose slat sizes and openings complying with Directive 2008\/120\/EC <a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> and suitable for the age of the pigs housed.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Checking regularly<\/strong> for slat condition.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abfe0c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"abfe0c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c255125 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c255125\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d42e220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d42e220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-1280x1012.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35909\" alt=\"Caillebotis partiel\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-1280x1012.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel-1536x1214.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-caillebotis-partiel.png 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-574d2a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"574d2a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-874d8b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"874d8b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Distribute <strong>several types of objects<\/strong> at once, for manipulation; renewed regularly, and in accordance with Recommendation (EU) 2016\/336.<\/li><li>Installing <strong>rubber mats<\/strong>, which should be cleaned regularly.<\/li><li>Choices for slatted floors:<ul><li><strong>plastic<\/strong> \/plasticized is preferable for piglets.<\/li><li>use<strong> non-abrasive<\/strong> materials.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8be04a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8be04a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef12597 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ef12597\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a4e8c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a4e8c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-1280x1011.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35920\" alt=\"Sol plein nu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-1280x1011.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu-1536x1213.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-nu.png 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80063bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"80063bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8642a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8642a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Covering concrete floors with a material that <strong>cushions or reduces friction.<\/strong><\/li><li>Installing <strong>rubber mats<\/strong>, which should be cleaned regularly.<\/li><li><strong>Regular cleaning<\/strong> of the floor.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d75a245 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d75a245\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d28cd8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d28cd8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8dcd6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d8dcd6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-1280x1011.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35987\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-1280x1011.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee-1536x1213.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-raclee.png 1747w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0574e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0574e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf14cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf14cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Same as solid floor, with the following additions:<\/p><ul><li>Providing straw in an <strong>appropriate quantity<\/strong> for maximum pig exploration.<\/li><li>Providing <strong>at least 20g of straw per pig per day<\/strong> for sleeping comfort and to limit lameness.<\/li><li><strong>Replacing bedding<\/strong> when soiled.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e4e107 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e4e107\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cff68a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cff68a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf4c18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf4c18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-1280x1012.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35985\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-1280x1012.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-500x395.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde-1536x1214.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/03\/Sol-plein-litiere-profonde.png 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f36ab44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f36ab44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a075cc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a075cc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Performing maintenance mulching <strong>every 7 to 10 days<\/strong>, prioritizing areas of elimination.<\/li><li>Providing access <strong>to a different type of soil<\/strong> during periods of intense heat.<\/li><li>Anticipating the accumulation of litter at the end of the cycle (+ 40 to 50 cm) <strong>by for instance elevating feeding areas<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b83d94d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b83d94d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2145fb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2145fb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d54812 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d54812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Alternative flooring<\/strong> to fully slatted floors <strong>improves pig welfare<\/strong> by promoting their <strong>natural behavior<\/strong> (exploration, nesting), reducing the <strong>risk of tail biting and injuries<\/strong>, and offering <strong>more comfort and space<\/strong>. Effectiveness<strong> increases with the amount of straw,<\/strong> following a gradient from fully slatted floor to deep litter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69dbf9f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69dbf9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28b5d71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"28b5d71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Illus-sols-porcs_ENG-2.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illus sols porcs_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA2MTIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvSWxsdXMtc29scy1wb3Jjc19FTkctMi5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Illus-sols-porcs_ENG-2.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-40612\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Illus-sols-porcs_ENG-2.png 1920w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Illus-sols-porcs_ENG-2-500x87.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Illus-sols-porcs_ENG-2-1280x223.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Illus-sols-porcs_ENG-2-768x134.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Illus-sols-porcs_ENG-2-1536x267.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c62dd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c62dd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alternative flooring to fully slatted floors requires <strong>better management of building ventilation and a larger surface area<\/strong> to ensure the cleanliness of animals and enclosures, thermal comfort in hot weather and reduce the risk of infectious diseases.<\/p><p>Beyond animal welfare, it is important to consider <strong>the breeder\u2019s welfare<\/strong>. Floors using bedding require <strong>more work and increase the cost of supplies<\/strong>. However, these additional costs <strong>can be offset by improved overall health in the pigs<\/strong>, which then require less care and who can be sold a higher price. Buildings with bedding floors may also be <strong>more energy-efficient<\/strong> than buildings with other types of flooring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bff9b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"5bff9b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"renvoi\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4768644 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4768644\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cad82 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"c1cad82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\"><p><a href=\"#ref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> EFSA Panel on AHAW, 2022. Welfare of pigs on farm. EFSA J. 20, e07421.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7421\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7421<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref23\"><sup>[2] <\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32016H0336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Recommandation (UE) 2016\/336 de la Commission Europ\u00e9enne<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#ref23\"><sup>[3] <\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008L0120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Directive 2008\/120\/CE du Conseil de l\u2019Union Europ\u00e9enne<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bdd84d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7bdd84d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21af8132 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21af8132\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4147def6 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4147def6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dca06e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3dca06e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42fdef83 elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"42fdef83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-warehouse\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The majority of pig farms in France use fully slatted floors (solid slats alternating with openings).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2pig\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The type of flooring and the presence of bedding will influence the behavior of pigs.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-layer-group\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The welfare of pigs increases according to the type of flooring, following a gradient (fully slatted flooring &lt; party slatted flooring &lt; solid flooring &lt; deep litter), which is associated with the amount of straw provided.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-725f7dc3 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"725f7dc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad08c88 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ad08c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d75baab elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d75baab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">85 to 90%<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68b1556e elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68b1556e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Percentage of pig farming buildings in France with slatted floors.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a7abc3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2a7abc3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26d80798 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"26d80798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55029397 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55029397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b2ef956 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"1b2ef956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-40384 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-animaux-delevage-en tag-environment tag-one-welfare-en themes-farm-animals themes-one-welfare-en especes-cows especes-goats especes-horses especes-pigs especes-poultry especes-sheep especes-turkeys media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/is-improving-the-welfare-of-farm-animals-beneficial-for-the-environment\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-40395\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/is-improving-the-welfare-of-farm-animals-beneficial-for-the-environment\/\">\n\t\t\t\tIs improving the welfare of farm animals beneficial for the environment?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26071 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/nothing-is-being-done-to-protect-animals-in-slaughterhouses-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14933\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/nothing-is-being-done-to-protect-animals-in-slaughterhouses-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tNothing is being done to protect animals in slaughterhouses, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26725 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-attentes-societales-en tag-eleveurs-en tag-reglementation-en tag-relation-humain-animal-en themes-farm-animals themes-one-welfare-en especes-cows especes-pigs media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/animal-welfare-improvement-is-always-a-constraint-for-breeders-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-26947\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/animal-welfare-improvement-is-always-a-constraint-for-breeders-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tAnimal welfare improvement is always a constraint for breeders, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-8797 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-animaux-delevage tag-eleveurs-en tag-farm-animals tag-pigs tag-sensibility themes-farm-animals especes-pigs media-infographics-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/species-sheet-all-about-pigs\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/vignette-fiche-espece-porc-03-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-10102\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/vignette-fiche-espece-porc-03-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/vignette-fiche-espece-porc-03-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/vignette-fiche-espece-porc-03-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/vignette-fiche-espece-porc-03-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/vignette-fiche-espece-porc-03-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/vignette-fiche-espece-porc-03-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/species-sheet-all-about-pigs\/\">\n\t\t\t\tSpecies sheet \u2013 All about pigs!\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The majority of pig farming in France takes place indoors. The flooring, depending on the stage of rearing, influences the behavior and welfare of the pigs. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":40610,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[281,381,290],"themes":[282],"especes":[287],"media":[341],"class_list":["post-40572","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualites","tag-eleveurs-en","tag-improving-animal-welfare","tag-pigs","themes-farm-animals","especes-pigs","media-articles-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40572","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40572"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40572\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42094,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40572\/revisions\/42094"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40572"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40572"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40572"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=40572"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=40572"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=40572"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}