{"id":40384,"date":"2025-05-15T09:00:55","date_gmt":"2025-05-15T07:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/is-improving-the-welfare-of-farm-animals-beneficial-for-the-environment\/"},"modified":"2026-03-09T11:15:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T10:15:20","slug":"is-improving-the-welfare-of-farm-animals-beneficial-for-the-environment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/is-improving-the-welfare-of-farm-animals-beneficial-for-the-environment\/","title":{"rendered":"Is improving the welfare of farm animals beneficial for the environment?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"40384\" class=\"elementor elementor-40384 elementor-36778\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a4a6a4f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a4a6a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65edd920 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65edd920\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68c2f740 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68c2f740\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d4b28bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d4b28bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-40395\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fd6ad8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48fd6ad8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-527b6b27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"527b6b27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748c2873 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"748c2873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-40395\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Couverture-BEA-et-environnement_ENG.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e2a826d elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"6e2a826d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">True\u2026 although not always<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Improving animal welfare can have positive effects on animal productivity and health, thereby contributing positively to the environment, climate, and biodiversity. However, in some cases, these improvements can also increase the environmental impact of livestock farming. It is therefore necessary to find compromises to reconcile animal welfare and environmental protection. From this perspective, reducing meat consumption seems to be a prerequisite.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-724ec10a elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"724ec10a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32c501e8 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"32c501e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/25-05-Is-improving-the-welfare-of-farm-animals-beneficial-for-the-environment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" download=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1508a7c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1508a7c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11dfc9aa elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"11dfc9aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-line-chart\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Improving animal welfare improves their productivity: fewer animals are needed to produce the same amount of meat, milk, eggs, etc., which limits the negative impacts of livestock farming.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-holding-heart\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Improving animal health reduces the use of drugs and lowers their environmental impact.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-seedling\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Some farming practices, such as grazing, are beneficial for animals and the environment.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Increased space, bedding, and outdoor access are essential for animal welfare but have an impact on the environment.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d1fa5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"93d1fa5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed63242 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed63242\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This article aims to review the <strong>impact of changes in farm animal welfare on the environment,<\/strong> in regards to <strong>greenhouse gas emissions<\/strong> but also <strong>biodiversity<\/strong>, the <strong>use of agricultural land<\/strong>, and inputs (straw, feed, etc.).<\/p>\n<p>One way to improve animal welfare while limiting negative impacts on the environment would be to reduce the consumption of animal products \u2013 thus reducing the number of animals raised. However, for <strong>this article we will assume that the production and consumption of animal products remains unchanged.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6035d59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6035d59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e01f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b3e01f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Improved welfare for a preserved environment<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-697a71f elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"697a71f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref16\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e82c4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e82c4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impact on productivity and the environment<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a53975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a53975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Improving animal welfare can have positive consequences on <strong>productivity<\/strong>. For example, a <strong>good human-animal relationship<\/strong> improves <strong>reproductive performance <\/strong><strong>in sows<\/strong><sup><a href=\"#renvoi\">[1]<\/a> <\/sup>and <strong>milk production<\/strong> in<strong> dairy cows<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Conversely, <strong>fear of humans<\/strong> is a factor that reduces <strong>feed efficiency<\/strong> in broiler <strong>chickens<\/strong>, <strong>growth<\/strong> in <strong>piglets<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\">[3]<\/a> and <strong>milk production<\/strong> in <strong>dairy cows<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, <strong>improving animal comfort<\/strong> has a positive impact on their productivity. When <strong>dairy cows<\/strong> are more comfortable, they suffer <strong>fewer injuries<\/strong>, are <strong>less dirty<\/strong> and less prone to <strong>lameness<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> and also produce <strong>more milk<\/strong> of a higher quality.<\/p>\n<p>The importance of welfare is also evident when animals <strong>are transported<\/strong> to the slaughterhouse or at the time of <strong>slaughter<\/strong>: <strong>stress<\/strong> in animals has a negative impact on the <strong>quality<\/strong> of pork, beef, poultry and fish<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>. Meat quality defects caused by animal stress can result in the meat being <strong>unfit for human consumption<\/strong>. Raising animals for their meat before ultimately putting it to waste is an under-achievement, to say the least!<\/p>\n<p>If animal welfare improves productivity, it is then possible, for a given production, to <strong>reduce the number of animals needed<\/strong>. Similarly, <strong>less feed<\/strong> will be needed to achieve the <strong>same production<\/strong>. Reducing total feed reduces the impact on the environment, as <strong>less agricultural land <\/strong>is needed to grow it (including, in some cases, deforestation and pesticide use), and it also reduces the <strong>use<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>fossil<\/strong> <strong>fuels<\/strong> and associated emissions (for cultivation, fertilizer production, harvesting, transportation, etc.) as well as <strong>water <\/strong>consumption (for irrigation).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Animal welfare gains therefore increase productivity, which in turn reduces the environmental impact of livestock farming. <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220cdf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"220cdf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/productivite_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"productivit\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA0MDEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvcHJvZHVjdGl2aXRlX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"251\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/productivite_ENG-1280x401.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40401\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/productivite_ENG-1280x401.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/productivite_ENG-500x157.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/productivite_ENG-768x240.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/productivite_ENG-1536x481.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/productivite_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ea466b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8ea466b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab434ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"ab434ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref79\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80d805b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"80d805b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impact on animal health and the environment<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-388841b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"388841b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Healthier animals are more productive<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8c17cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8c17cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Animal welfare also has consequences for animal <strong>health<\/strong>. Poor welfare <strong>weakens the immune system<\/strong>, making animals more <strong>vulnerable<\/strong> to disease. This is why health criteria are used as a welfare indicator.  <\/p>\n<p>Poor welfare can be associated with <strong>higher animal mortality<\/strong>, as is the case with dairy cows<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a>. Conversely, piglets raised in a <strong>suitable, enriched social environment<\/strong> show less susceptibility to <strong>respiratory diseases<\/strong> than piglets raised in a stimulus-poor environment. <strong>Animals that are less prone to disease are more productive, which is beneficial for the environment.<\/strong> For example, treating sheep for footrot (a hoof disease) reduces lameness, improves their welfare, and also improves reproductive performance and lamb growth<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>.   <\/p>\n<p>A 2022 study by the British research institute Moredun<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> suggests that a 10% reduction in greenhouse gases from cattle and sheep farming can be achieved simply by improving animal health.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1af1a7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"1af1a7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1012\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5618edc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5618edc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Healthier animals need fewer drugs<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f55c097 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f55c097\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In addition, <strong>deteriorating animal health often leads to increased use of drugs<\/strong>, including antimicrobials<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a> (antibiotics, antiparasitics). These may be released in the environment, which can <strong>harm certain bacterial populations<\/strong> and promote the emergence of <strong>resistant bacteria<\/strong>. The same is true of <strong>antiparasitics<\/strong>, which are increasingly causing <strong>resistance<\/strong> and are <strong>highly toxic<\/strong>, particularly to insects and arthropods such as spiders, millipedes, etc<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e40389d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"e40389d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1314\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a087db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a087db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Healthier animals live longer<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cb1394 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cb1394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Welfare and health deterioration can also lead to early culling of animals, thus reducing their expected lifespan<\/strong>. The productive lifespan or &#8220;<strong>career<\/strong>&#8221; of animals \u2013 i.e., the period during which an <strong>animal produces resources<\/strong> \u2013 is then proportionally <strong>reduced<\/strong> relative to its unproductive lifespan \u2013 i.e., the period during which it has used <strong>inputs<\/strong> (feed, bedding, space in buildings, labor time, etc.) and <strong>emitted greenhouse gases<\/strong> without producing <strong>economic value<\/strong>. This increases the environmental cost of production.  <\/p>\n<p>For example, a <strong>dairy cow<\/strong> that calves for the first time at 2 years of age has <strong>an unproductive life period of 2 years<\/strong>. If it has a normal lifespan and calves <strong>six times <\/strong>at a rate of one calving per year, <strong>its productive lifespan is six<\/strong> <strong>years<\/strong> and the <strong>ratio is therefore 3<\/strong>. It will have had a productive lifespan three times longer than its unproductive lifespan: the &#8220;initial investment&#8221; will therefore have been <strong>recouped<\/strong>. Conversely, a cow that calves for the first time at 3 years of age and then calves only twice will have a longer unproductive life period than its productive life period&#8230; and will therefore have consumed more resources in relation to the production it will have achieved.   <\/p>\n<p>Currently, the average lifespan of dairy cows is <strong>5.75 years<\/strong>, and they are culled after an average of 2.3 lactations. It has been shown that as the age of fir<sup>st<\/sup> calving increases, the <strong>average lifespan<\/strong> of a cow <strong>increases<\/strong>, but the<strong> lactation period<\/strong> and cumulative <strong>milk production<\/strong> over its career <strong>decrease<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>. Therefore, as the age of fir<sup>st<\/sup> calving increases, productive lifespan decreases.  <\/p>\n<p>Increasing the<strong> longevity<\/strong> of animals, whether by <strong>lowering the age at which they begin to produce economically valuable resources<\/strong> or by <strong>increasing the age at which they are culled<\/strong> (provided that their production level remains satisfactory), is therefore ultimately beneficial to the environment.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In addition, extending the productive life of animals makes it possible to maintain equivalent production levels with fewer animals and thus reduce feed requirements<\/strong>. Of course, this aspect of animal longevity <strong>only applies to<\/strong> production systems where <strong>longevity<\/strong> is beneficial because the animal will produce more calves, more milk, or more eggs, but <strong>does not apply to<\/strong> production systems that involve <strong>fattening<\/strong> the animal, in which case, <strong>reducing the fattening period is beneficial<\/strong> to the environment. It is important, of course, that the reduction in fattening time <strong>is not done at the expense of animal welfare<\/strong>, as can be the case, for example, with fast-growing chickens that are slaughtered after 35 days.   <\/p>\n<p>Finally, <strong>the farming practice of extending the lactation period of cattle or goats limits the number of calves and kids needed<\/strong> for a new lactation period<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>. This contributes to animal welfare by <strong>reducing the number of pregnancies required<\/strong> per animal and the number of animals considered to be of &#8220;no economic value&#8221; that must be slaughtered. It is also beneficial to the environment, as <strong>fewer animals raised <\/strong>means <strong>fewer resources<\/strong> needed.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d733c74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d733c74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Sante_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Sant\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA0MDksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvU2FudGVfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"161\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Sante_ENG-1280x257.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40409\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Sante_ENG-1280x257.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Sante_ENG-500x100.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Sante_ENG-768x154.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Sante_ENG-1536x308.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Sante_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e39bd76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e39bd76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impact of positive farming practices on the environment<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0148a7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0148a7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impact of better farming practices on the environment<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5203079 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5203079\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Certain farming practices improve animal welfare while limiting negative impacts on the environment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5246d41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"5246d41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1522\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54c149b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54c149b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grazed pastures: a source of natural feed, carbon sinks, a factor in biodiversity and soil health<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92c0a75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92c0a75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is particularly true of pasture-based farming<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> which, under the right conditions, <strong>improves animal welfare<\/strong>. Grazing is associated with <strong>better expression<\/strong> of certain <strong>natural<\/strong> animal <strong>behaviors<\/strong> thanks to a<strong> richer<\/strong> and more <strong>stimulating<\/strong> environment. It also provides animals with more <strong>comfortable sleeping areas<\/strong> and<strong> improved health<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>.   In horses, it has been shown that long-term grazing makes for greater biodiversity in animals\u2019 intestinal microbiota and improves their behavior and welfare<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>From an environmental perspective, grazing <strong>reduces the share of purchased feed<\/strong> in the animal&#8217;s diet (forage and concentrates that require cultivated land and lead to competition between human and animal food), thereby reducing the environmental impact of feeding. In addition, grasslands are significant <strong>carbon sinks <\/strong>that store part of greenhouse gases. Grazing therefore<strong> offsets<\/strong> <strong>some of the gas emissions<\/strong> associated with ruminant farming<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>.  <\/p>\n<p>Furthermore,<strong> biodiversity <\/strong>in a grazed pasture can be enhanced by applying good practices. <strong>Limiting the number of animals<\/strong> per plot and <strong>avoiding continuous grazing<\/strong> in favor of <strong>crop rotation<\/strong> (which allows flowering) <strong>promotes the development of a wide variety of plants and animal species <\/strong>such as butterflies, wild bees, bumblebees, grasshoppers, etc<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[20] <\/sup><\/a>thus contributing to biodiversity. In addition, when in between two crop periods, grazing increases <strong>soil fertility <\/strong>through animal urine and feces, which act as <strong>fertilizer<\/strong>, provided that their concentration in the soil is not too high<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a>. By fertilizing crops \u2013 especially in a natural way \u2013, <strong>forage yield<\/strong> is improved and the share of concentrates used in feed is reduced.     Finally, <strong>mixed grazing<\/strong>, which combines different animal species on the same plot (such as cattle and horses, for example), can also be beneficial in that it <strong>optimizes the consumption of different species of grass<\/strong> in the pasture due to the complementary feeding choices of different herbivores, all the while minimizing parasite infestation \u2013 which is beneficial to the health and welfare of the animals<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7ce487 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a7ce487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prairies-paturees_ENG-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Prairies patur\u00e9es_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA2MjgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvUHJhaXJpZXMtcGF0dXJlZXNfRU5HLTEucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"282\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prairies-paturees_ENG-1-1280x451.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40628\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prairies-paturees_ENG-1-1280x451.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prairies-paturees_ENG-1-500x176.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prairies-paturees_ENG-1-768x271.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prairies-paturees_ENG-1-1536x542.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prairies-paturees_ENG-1.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ced504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"0ced504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref23\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab0b7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ab0b7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hedges and agroforestry: everyone wins<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7ab27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db7ab27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Other co-benefits of grazing promote animal welfare and environmental conservation. When pastures are surrounded by <strong>hedges<\/strong> and trees, they provide animals with <strong>shelter <\/strong>and <strong>shade<\/strong>, <strong>perching areas<\/strong> for poultry and goats (which reduces their stress and allows them to express their natural behavior),<strong> supplementary feed<\/strong> (via berries and foliage) while providing <strong>refuges for biodiversity<\/strong>, <strong>limiting soil erosion<\/strong>, <strong>improving the natural water cycle<\/strong>, etc<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a>. In this sense, <strong>agroforestry<\/strong>, which combines trees, crops, and animals on the same plots of land, meets the dual objective of combining environmental health and animal welfare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b6390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"53b6390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Haies-et-agroforesterie_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Haies et agroforesterie_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA0MjYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvSGFpZXMtZXQtYWdyb2ZvcmVzdGVyaWVfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"326\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Haies-et-agroforesterie_ENG-1280x522.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40426\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Haies-et-agroforesterie_ENG-1280x522.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Haies-et-agroforesterie_ENG-500x204.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Haies-et-agroforesterie_ENG-768x313.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Haies-et-agroforesterie_ENG-1536x626.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Haies-et-agroforesterie_ENG-2048x835.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919f2ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"919f2ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb33742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb33742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bedding, essential for the expression of animal behavior and a natural fertilizer<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5382ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5382ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Good practices are also important indoors. This applies particularly to <strong>bedding<\/strong> and to <strong>the proper management of urine and feces<\/strong>, which allow animals to express <strong>natural<\/strong> <strong>behaviors<\/strong> <strong>more easily<\/strong>, <strong>improve<\/strong><strong> comfort<\/strong> and <strong>cleanliness<\/strong>, and <strong>reduce injuries<\/strong>, thereby enhancing overall welfare. Although <strong>the production of bedding does have an environmental impact<\/strong>, we will later see that once used, it can be <strong>recycled<\/strong> as an organic <strong>fertilizer<\/strong> for soils and crops, contributing to a virtuous ecological cycle.<\/p><p>Of course, this possible positive impact on the system depends on <strong>bedding thickness<\/strong>, <strong>how often it is replaced<\/strong>, <strong>how it is spread <\/strong>on cultivated land, etc. Urine and feces management is <strong>easier <\/strong>when animals are raised<strong> indoors <\/strong>rather than <strong>outdoors<\/strong>. For example, collecting feces through a <strong>slurry pit<\/strong> allows, via methanization, the production of <strong>biogas<\/strong> used as an <strong>energy source,<\/strong> and also <strong>digestate <\/strong>\u2013 used as <strong>compost<\/strong> on crops. Urine from cattle can be collected and stored in a closed tank (to prevent the volatilization of ammonia in its gaseous form) and then used as a mineral fertilizer for cultivated land.<\/p><p>Managing urine and feces in buildings and spreading it accurately also makes it possible to <strong>better manage the concentration in the soi<\/strong>l and groundwater of certain <strong>chemical elements<\/strong> such as <strong>nitrates<\/strong>, which are <strong>pollutants<\/strong> if present in excessive quantities.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6551cff elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6551cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Litiere_ENG-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Liti\u00e8re_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA2MzAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvTGl0aWVyZV9FTkctMS5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"290\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Litiere_ENG-1-1280x464.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40630\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Litiere_ENG-1-1280x464.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Litiere_ENG-1-500x181.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Litiere_ENG-1-768x278.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Litiere_ENG-1-1536x556.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Litiere_ENG-1-2048x742.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88037b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"88037b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1691e5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1691e5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Improving animal welfare can also be detrimental to the environment<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-408db78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"408db78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref2428\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2a4ba7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2a4ba7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Increasing available space <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-222b582 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"222b582\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>One of the major sources of improvement in animal welfare is the increase in available space and the reduction in density.<\/strong> For example, in its latest scientific opinion on calf welfare published in 2023<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>, the EFSA estimates that the <strong>regulatory space allowance<\/strong> of 1.8 m\u00b2 per calf <strong>does not allow them<\/strong> to express <strong>their locomotor or play behavior<\/strong>. The EFSA estimates that increasing the available space to 20 m\u00b2 per calf would be fully conducive to their welfare and that 3 m\u00b2 per calf should be a minimum. This equates to multiplying the space currently available for calves by between <strong>1.7 and 11<\/strong>. In 2023, just over 1 million calves were slaughtered in France. The space required to raise them was approximately 1.8 million m\u00b2 of buildings. Increasing the space available to 3 m\u00b2 would require <strong>1.2 million m\u00b2 of additional livestock buildings<\/strong> in France&#8230; and much more if the regulatory space were increased to <strong>20 m\u00b2 per calf<\/strong>.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9814c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fe9814c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-veaux_ENG-2.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Besoin d&#039;espace veaux_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA2MzUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvQmVzb2luLWRlc3BhY2UtdmVhdXhfRU5HLTIucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"231\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-veaux_ENG-2-1280x370.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40635\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-veaux_ENG-2-1280x370.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-veaux_ENG-2-500x145.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-veaux_ENG-2-768x222.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-veaux_ENG-2-1536x444.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-veaux_ENG-2-2048x592.png 2048w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-veaux_ENG-2-350x100.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b7d42d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b7d42d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Similarly, the European &#8220;<strong><em>End of Cages<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; initiative advocates <strong>ending the use of cages for animal farming<\/strong>. Currently, European regulations require that a laying hen in a cage has <strong>750 cm\u00b2 of space<\/strong>, meaning that just over <strong>13 hens can be raised per m\u00b2 of cage space<\/strong>. In barn housing, with no access to the outdoors, the regulatory density is <strong>9 hens per square meter<\/strong>. If cage rearing were to be abolished tomorrow and the space required for hens in buildings remained unchanged, the <strong>area <\/strong>required would have to be <strong>multiplied<\/strong> <strong>by<\/strong> <strong>1.4.<\/strong> However, according to European data<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a>, if all these hens were to be reared on the ground, the total building area would have to increase from 11.3 million square meters to 16.6 million square meters, i.e., <strong>more than 5 million square meters of additional space<\/strong>, equivalent to 500 hectares of indoor building space.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Increasing space would undoubtedly have a positive effect on welfare, but also negative impacts on the environment, both in terms of land use and resource use, particularly in relation to construction materials<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/a> and the energy needed to heat the buildings<\/strong>. More land use for livestock buildings means <strong>using space devoted to other uses<\/strong>, such as <strong>crops<\/strong>, <strong>grasslands<\/strong>, <strong>forests<\/strong>, <strong>wasteland<\/strong>, and more generally, areas conducive to biodiversity. It also increases the <strong>fragmentation of natural habitats<\/strong>, limiting the connection between different areas for wildlife populations. <\/p>\n<p>Admittedly, an additional 500 hectares for laying hens at the European level may seem little compared to the 157.4 million hectares of usable agricultural land in Europe in 2023<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a>. However, these 500 hectares of new buildings would have surrounding areas attached, and this would all be added to <strong>the rest of the total animal production<\/strong> (not just laying hens). Furthermore, such a scenario does not take into account the current proposal to also <strong>reduce<\/strong> the <strong>density <\/strong>of laying hens in <strong>buildings<\/strong> from <strong>9 hens per m\u00b2 to 6 hens per m\u00b2<\/strong>, which would require more than doubling the total surface area of buildings compared to cage rearing. This question ties in with that of &#8220;<em>land sharing \u2013 land sparing<\/em>&#8221; theorized in the model by Green <em>et al.<\/em> (2005)<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/a> : &#8220;<em>Should agriculture be intensified in order to preserve more natural areas rich in biodiversity, or should we favor more extensive agriculture that is less economical in terms of natural areas?<\/em>&#8220;.    One solution to limit the increase in land dedicated to livestock farming while increasing the space available per animal would be to reduce<strong> the number of animals raised,<\/strong> thereby accepting a <strong>reduction in production<\/strong> in order to do less but better. This also applies to the use of bedding. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae487c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ae487c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-poules_ENG-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Besoin d&#039;espace poules_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA2MzgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvQmVzb2luLWRlc3BhY2UtcG91bGVzX0VORy0xLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"228\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-poules_ENG-1-1280x365.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40638\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-poules_ENG-1-1280x365.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-poules_ENG-1-500x142.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-poules_ENG-1-768x219.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-poules_ENG-1-1536x438.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-poules_ENG-1-2048x583.png 2048w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-despace-poules_ENG-1-350x100.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1647cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"b1647cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref2932\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7548d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7548d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Increasing the amount of bedding <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2ccc70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2ccc70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Improving animal welfare, whether by providing more space or better floor comfort, requires an increased need for bedding.<\/strong> Thus, switching from a cage system with wire mesh flooring to a straw-based barn system, or from a slatted floor system to a litter system, would require more litter.<\/p><p>In pigs, for example, deep litter systems clearly <strong>improve animal welfare<\/strong>, increasing <strong>exploratory<\/strong> <strong>behavior<\/strong>, with more frequent <strong>positive social behaviors<\/strong>, and <strong>fewer carpal and tarsal lesions<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/a>. However, deep litter requires between <strong>20 and 25 kg of straw per pig<\/strong> at the start of rearing, followed by regular strawing up. For <strong>the duration of fattening<\/strong> on deep litter, the amount of straw varies between <strong>60 and 100 kg per pig<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[30]<\/sup><\/a>. However, French production of pigs for slaughter was 22 million head in 2023<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[31]<\/sup><\/a>, of which approximately 90% (i.e., almost 20 million pigs) were raised on fully slatted floors, i.e., without bedding. Providing deep litter for all these animals would require at least <strong>1.2 million additional tons of straw. <\/strong> Again, this may seem little compared to the 14.5 million tons of straw produced in France in 2023<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[32]<\/sup><\/a>. But here we only mentioned <strong>pigs for meat<\/strong> here, <strong>not sows<\/strong> \u2013 whose needs are even greater \u2013 let alone other animals. The <strong>straw<\/strong> market is already <strong>under pressure<\/strong>, and <strong>new uses<\/strong>, including non-agricultural ones, also require straw.<\/p><p><strong>Increasing the amount of bedding<\/strong> <strong>to improve animal comfort will therefore undoubtedly require an increase in the surface of cereal crops to produce straw<\/strong>&#8230; to the detriment of other crops. Furthermore, in order for the bedding to remain clean, the area available per pig in bedding must be greater than the space available on slatted flooring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e9298e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e9298e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-accru-litiere_ENG-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Besoin accru liti\u00e8re_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA2NDAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvQmVzb2luLWFjY3J1LWxpdGllcmVfRU5HLTEucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"173\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-accru-litiere_ENG-1-1280x277.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40640\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-accru-litiere_ENG-1-1280x277.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-accru-litiere_ENG-1-500x108.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-accru-litiere_ENG-1-768x166.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-accru-litiere_ENG-1-1536x333.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Besoin-accru-litiere_ENG-1.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f5779 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d2f5779\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bd13c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2bd13c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Access to the outdoors<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b57701 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b57701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Another key factor in improving animal welfare is providing them with access to the outdoors.<\/strong> <strong>In this case, total space per animal will be even greater<\/strong>. Taking the example of <strong>laying hens <\/strong>again, the &#8220;<strong>free-range hens<\/strong>&#8221; label requires an <strong>outdoor <\/strong>area of <strong>4 m\u00b2 per hen<\/strong>. On a European scale, this would mean 1.2 billion m\u00b2 for the 302 million hens that currently do not have access to the outdoors, or <strong>120,000 hectares<\/strong>. For <strong>pigs,<\/strong> the Label Rouge plein air label requires 83 m\u00b2 per pig, which, for the 22 million pigs raised for meat, would require <strong>180,000 hectares<\/strong>. The same principle applies to rabbits, goats, chickens, etc., all of which uses space that could be used for other purposes, as discussed above.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a71e040 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a71e040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Acces-exterieur_ENG-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Acc\u00e8s ext\u00e9rieur_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA2NDIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvQWNjZXMtZXh0ZXJpZXVyX0VORy0xLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"136\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Acces-exterieur_ENG-1-1280x217.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40642\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Acces-exterieur_ENG-1-1280x217.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Acces-exterieur_ENG-1-500x85.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Acces-exterieur_ENG-1-768x130.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Acces-exterieur_ENG-1-1536x260.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Acces-exterieur_ENG-1.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2b3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b2b3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finally,<strong> outdoor access can have a negative impact on animal productivity.<\/strong> Outdoors, animals tend to <strong>exercise more<\/strong>, which expends energy and therefore requires more feed. In addition, although outdoor access limits the risk of infectious disease transmission due to lower animal density, it <strong>increases the risk of exposure to external pathogens<\/strong> and <strong>predators<\/strong>, as well as the <strong>risk of injury<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[33]<\/sup><\/a>. For example, in chickens, outdoor access can increase certain parasitic diseases such as coccidiosis or red mites.   <\/p>\n<p>Of course, outdoor access can be reduced to smaller areas and the spaces dedicated to this access can be designed to have a limited impact on the environment. However, limiting animal density will necessarily lead to an <strong>increased need for space<\/strong>. Compromises will therefore be needed.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6903e92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"6903e92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref3336\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47adff0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47adff0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Limiting excessive selection<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a84002 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a84002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A final argument in favor of animal welfare is to limit excessive selection based on production criteria and to promote the resilience and\/or robustness of animals<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[34]<\/sup><\/a>. This involves, for example, limiting the<strong> hyper-prolificacy of sows<\/strong> or the <strong>rapid growth of chickens<\/strong> \u2013 which are detrimental to their welfare \u2013 by using less productive breeds or farming practices. As a consequence, <strong>production will take longer.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n<p>A Label Rouge chicken, for example, requires a minimum rearing period of 81 days, compared to the average 40 days for a &#8220;standard&#8221; chicken. This is twice as long and ultimately requires more space. The feed conversion ratio for a standard chicken in 2017 was around 1.67, compared to 3 for a Label Rouge chicken<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[35]<\/sup><\/a>, which means that Label Rouge chickens need almost twice as much feed to produce the same amount of meat. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Promoting slow-growing animals allows for better animal development, improved welfare, and higher-quality meat, but this requires the use of more agricultural land and feed.<\/strong> Increased feed requirements have an impact on the environment, which is even more negative when the feed <strong>is not produced locally<\/strong> and must be <strong>imported<\/strong>, or when it <strong>involves deforestation<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[36]<\/sup><\/a>. Prioritizing <strong>local feed <\/strong>for animals and <strong>raising animals locally<\/strong> are therefore ways to limit the negative impact of these imports.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bbc0ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4bbc0ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Limiter-selection_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Limiter s\u00e9lection_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA0NjQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvTGltaXRlci1zZWxlY3Rpb25fRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"211\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Limiter-selection_ENG-1280x337.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40464\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Limiter-selection_ENG-1280x337.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Limiter-selection_ENG-500x132.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Limiter-selection_ENG-768x202.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Limiter-selection_ENG-1536x404.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Limiter-selection_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d9684c elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3d9684c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref37\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1852a34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1852a34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d95a6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d95a6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Due to all these constraints, improving animal welfare can lead to an increase in the carbon footprint of production, in CO\u2082eq of meat, milk, or eggs produced. <strong>Traditional environmental rating<\/strong> via life cycle assessments therefore <strong>favors the most intensive systems.<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>For example, a Shift Project report<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[37]<\/sup><\/a> states: \u00ab <em>In laying hen farms, codes 3 (enriched cages), 2 (barn), 1 (free-range) and 0 (organic) respectively emit 1.66, 1.55, 3.34 and 2.57 kgCO2e\/kg of eggs. Thus, a shift from code 3 to codes 1 and 0 with no change in livestock numbers would not lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions <\/em> &#8220;. Of course, the criterion of &#8220;greenhouse gas emissions&#8221; taken in isolation is <strong>too restrictive<\/strong> to judge the <strong>overall<\/strong> environmental performance of a system, its <strong>resilience<\/strong> and associated positive effects.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, we have seen that <strong>improving animal welfare<\/strong> can also <strong>be a source of improvement in the environmental impact of livestock farming<\/strong>, whether through improved animal health or productivity, or through more virtuous farming systems.<\/p>\n<p>The final calculation is not easy, and both aspects \u2013 animal welfare and environmental impact \u2013 must be improved together. The future of livestock farming cannot ignore either of these aspects, given their many interdependencies.  <strong>Reconciling these two aspects requires compromises on the part of the authorities, the industry, and also citizens.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In any case, it seems necessary to <strong>reduce the number of animals raised<\/strong> and therefore individual <strong>meat consumption<\/strong> in order to limit the use and import\/export of products that are most harmful to the environment, and to promote more extensive, robust farming practices that are more animal-friendly and have as little impact on the environment as possible. This will come at a <strong>cost to farmers<\/strong>, and everyone will have to agree to contribute. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35b7aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e35b7aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9183025 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9183025\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In short<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b223c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6b223c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c56e3a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c56e3a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustration-fin-r\u00e9sum\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDA2NDQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNVwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWZpbi1yZXN1bWVfRU5HLTEucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1350\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-40644\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1.png 1080w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1-400x500.png 400w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1-768x960.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f729ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8f729ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f37972a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f37972a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Thanks to <a href=\"https:\/\/envt.fr\/chercheur\/alain-ducos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Alain Ducos<\/a>, lecturer and researcher at <a href=\"https:\/\/envt.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">ENVT<\/a>, for his contribution to writing this article and proofreading it!<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fa7b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3fa7b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bf2d7fb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4bf2d7fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7245462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7245462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"renvoi\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-412cde6f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"412cde6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\"><p><a href=\"#ref16\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> Courboulay V., Barbier B., Bellec T., <em>et al<\/em>., 2022. RHAPORC \u2013 Am\u00e9liorer la relation homme animal en \u00e9levage porcin au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de l\u2019homme et de ses animaux. <em>Innovations Agronomiques<\/em> 85, 323-334, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17180\/ciag-2022-vol85-art25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17180\/ciag-2022-vol85-art25 <\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref16\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Waiblinger S., Menke C., Coleman G., 2002. The relationship between attitudes, personal characteristics and behavior of stockpeople and subsequent behavior and production of dairy cows. <em>Applied Animal Behaviour Science<\/em> 79 (3),195-219, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00155-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00155-7<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref16\"><sup>[3] <\/sup><\/a>Hemsworth, P. H., &amp; Barnett, J. L., 1991. The effects of aversively handling pigs, either individually or in groups, on their behaviour, growth and corticosteroids. <i>Applied Animal Behaviour Science<\/i>, <i>30<\/i>(1-2), 61-72. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-1591(91)90085-C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-1591(91)90085-C<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref16\"><sup>[4] <\/sup><\/a>Breuer, K., Hemsworth, P. H., Barnett, J. L., Matthews, L. R., &amp; Coleman, G. J., 2000. Behavioural response to humans and the productivity of commercial dairy cows. <i>Applied animal behaviour science<\/i>, <i>66<\/i>(4), 273-288. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00097-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00097-0<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref16\"><sup>[5] <\/sup><\/a>Robichaud, M. V., Rushen, J., De Passill\u00e9, A. M., Vasseur, E., Orsel, K., &amp; Pellerin, D., 2019. Associations between on-farm animal welfare indicators and productivity and profitability on Canadian dairies: I. On freestall farms. <i>Journal of Dairy Science<\/i>, <i>102<\/i>(5), 4341-4351. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00097-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00097-0<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref16\"><sup>[6] <\/sup><\/a>Terlouw, E. M. C., Cassar-Malek, I., Picard, B., Bourguet, C., Deiss, V., Arnould, C., &#8230; &amp; Lebret, B., 2015. Stress en \u00e9levage et \u00e0 l\u2019abattage: impacts sur les qualit\u00e9s des viandes. <i>INRAE Productions Animales<\/i>, <i>28<\/i>(2), 169-182. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/productions-animales.2015.28.2.3023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/productions-animales.2015.28.2.3023<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref79\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> Krug, C., Haskell, M. J., Nunes, T., &amp; Stilwell, G. (2015). Creating a model to detect dairy cattle farms with poor welfare using a national database. <i>Preventive veterinary medicine<\/i>, <i>122<\/i>(3), 280-286. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.10.014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.10.014<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref79\"><sup>[8] <\/sup><\/a>Green, L. E., Kaler, J., Wassink, G. J., King, E. M., &amp; Thomas, R. G. (2012). Impact of rapid treatment of sheep lame with footrot on welfare and economics and farmer attitudes to lameness in sheep. <i>Animal Welfare<\/i>, <i>21<\/i>(S1), 65-71. doi:10.7120\/096272812X13345905673728<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref79\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> Skuce <em>et al<\/em>., 2022, Acting on methane: opportunities for the UK cattle and sheep sectors. Moredun Research Institute.<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1012\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a> Rodrigues da Costa, M., &amp; Diana, A. (2022). A systematic review on the link between animal welfare and antimicrobial use in captive animals. <i>Animals<\/i>, <i>12<\/i>(8), 1025. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12081025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12081025<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1012\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> McKellar Q. A., Ecotoxicology and residues of anthelmintic compounds. Veterinary Parasitology, 1997;72:413-415, cit\u00e9 par Jacquiet et al (2024) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/npvelsa\/2024010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/npvelsa\/2024010 <\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1012\"><sup>[12] <\/sup><\/a>See our article: <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-true-or-false\/\">Farm animals are given feed containing antibiotics: TRUE or FALSE?<\/a><b><\/b><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1314\"><sup>[13] <\/sup><\/a>Le Cozler, Y. (2015). Reproduction chez la g\u00e9nisse laiti\u00e8re. <i>Repromag<\/i>, <i>2015<\/i>, 12-23. hal-01210956<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1314\"><sup>[14] <\/sup><\/a> See our article: <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/breeding-practices-extended-lactation-in-goatslongues-chez-la-chevre\/\">Breeding practices: extended lactation in goats<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1522\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> Michaud, A., Plantureux, S., Baumont, R., &amp; Delaby, L., 2020. Les prairies, une richesse et un support d\u2019innovation pour des \u00e9levages de ruminants plus durables et acceptables. <i>INRAE Productions Animales<\/i>, <i>33<\/i>(3), 153-172. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/productions-animales.2020.33.3.4543\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/productions-animales.2020.33.3.4543<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1522\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a> Bareille, N., Haurat, M., Delaby, L., Michel, L., &amp; Guatteo, R. (2019). Quels sont les avantages et risques du p\u00e2turage vis-\u00e0-vis de la sant\u00e9 des bovins. <i>Fourrages<\/i>, <i>238<\/i>, 125-131. hal-02626493<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1522\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a> Grazing can also have a negative impact on animal welfare, particularly if they do not have shelter to protect them from wet weather or extreme heat, if access to sufficient quantities of good-quality water is not guaranteed, or if their feed ration is not sufficiently balanced. In addition, grazing exposes animals to greater risk of predation and parasitism, which can lead to the transmission of various diseases. See our article <em>\u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\">Grazing animals are necessarily happy, TRUE OR FALSE?<\/a><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\"><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00bb<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1522\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a> Mach, N., Lansade, L., Bars-Cortina, D., Dhorne-Pollet, S., Foury, A., Moisan, M. P., &amp; Ruet, A. (2021). Gut microbiota resilience in horse athletes following holidays out to pasture. <i>Scientific reports<\/i>, <i>11<\/i>(1), 5007. 10.1038\/s41598-021-84497-y<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1522\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a> The carbon storage capacity of grasslands varies depending on time and good practices such as limiting land use change and protecting permanent grasslands, practicing rotational grazing, limiting stocking rates, and amending the soil with manure while limiting tillage and excessive fertilization. See our article \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grasslands-help-offset-part-of-cows-greenhouse-gas-emissions\/\">Grasslands help offset part of cows\u2019 greenhouse gas emissions, TRUE or FALSE?<\/a> \u00bb<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1522\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a> Dumont, B., Farruggia, A., Garel, J. P., Bachelard, P., Boitier, E., &amp; Frain, M. (2009). How does grazing intensity influence the diversity of plants and insects in a species\u2010rich upland grassland on basalt soils?. <i>Grass and Forage Science<\/i>, <i>64<\/i>(1), 92-105. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2494.2008.00674.x<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1522\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a> When their concentration is too high, effluents can acidify soils, cause eutrophication of waterways, and lead to a loss of biodiversity.<\/p><p><a href=\"#r1522\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a> See our article: <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/est-ce-une-bonne-idee-de-mettre-des-chevaux-et-des-vaches-dans-une-meme-pature\/\">Is it a good idea to put horses and cows in the same pasture?<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a> See our article: <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\">Hedgerows are essential for the welfare of free-range animals, TRUE or FALSE?<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2428\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a> <span class=\"groupName\">EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare)<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Nielsen SS<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Alvarez J<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Bicout DJ<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Calistri P<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Canali E<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Drewe JA<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Garin-Bastuji B<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Gonzales Rojas JL<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Schmidt CG<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Herskin M<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Michel V<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Miranda Chueca MA<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Padalino B<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Pasquali P<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Roberts HC<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Spoolder H<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Stahl K<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Velarde A<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Viltrop A<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Jensen MB<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Waiblinger S<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Candiani D<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Lima E<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Mosbach-Schulz O<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Van der Stede Y<\/span>, <span class=\"author\">Vitali M<\/span> and <span class=\"author\">Winckler C<\/span>, <span class=\"pubYear\">2023<\/span>. <span class=\"articleTitle\">Scientific Opinion on the welfare of calves<\/span>. <i>EFSA Journal<\/i> 2023; <span class=\"vol\">21<\/span>(<span class=\"citedIssue\">3<\/span>):7896, 197 pp. <a class=\"linkBehavior\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7896\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7896<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2428\"><sup>[25] <\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.ec.europa.eu\/document\/download\/9bdf9842-1eb6-41a2-8845-49738b812b2b_en?filename=eggs-dashboard_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Euroopean data on laying hens<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2428\"><sup>[26] <\/sup><\/a>Increasing the surface area of buildings will have consequences in terms of resource use, such as metals and concrete, with the negative impacts that mining and sand extraction have on global warming, pollution, and the destruction of natural habitats.<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2428\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a>Agreste &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr\/agreste-web\/download\/publication\/publie\/MemSta2023\/M%C3%A9mentoFrance2023.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">M\u00e9mento 2023 France<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2428\"><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/a> Green, R. E., Cornell, S. J., Scharlemann, J. P., &amp; Balmford, A. (2005). Farming and the fate of wild nature. <i>science<\/i>, <i>307<\/i>(5709), 550-555. doi: 10.112<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2932\"><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnr-bea.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CNR-BEA_2024_Avis_sols_pleins_BEA_porcs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Synth\u00e8se bibliographique du CNR BEA sur les <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnr-bea.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CNR-BEA_2024_Avis_sols_pleins_BEA_porcs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">impacts des sols pleins partiels ou totaux sur le bien-\u00eatre et le comportement des porcs<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2932\"><sup>[30]<\/sup><\/a> Welfarm &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/objectif-litiere.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/guide-porcs-welfarm-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">DES PORCS, DES \u00c9LEVAGES, DES LITI\u00c8RES : Des \u00e9leveurs t\u00e9moignent<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2932\"><sup>[31]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr\/agreste-web\/download\/publication\/publie\/SynAbo24430\/consyn430202410-Porcins.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Agreste &#8211; Synth\u00e8ses conjoncturelles : porcins<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref2932\"><sup>[32]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnr-bea.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CNR-BEA_2024_Avis_sols_pleins_BEA_porcs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Synth\u00e8se bibliographique du CNR BEA sur les impacts des sols pleins partiels ou totaux sur le bien-\u00eatre et le comportement des porcs<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref3336\"><sup>[33]<\/sup><\/a> Agreste &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr\/agreste-saiku\/?plugin=true&amp;query=query\/open\/SAANR_PAILLE_2#query\/open\/SAANR_PAILLE_2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Production de paille en France<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref3336\"><sup>[34] <\/sup><\/a>Ducrot, C., Barrio, M. B., Boissy, A., Charrier, F., Even, S., Morm\u00e8de, P., &#8230; &amp; Fernandez, X., 2024. Am\u00e9liorer conjointement la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre des animaux dans la transition des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9levage vers la durabilit\u00e9. <i>INRAE Productions Animales<\/i>, <i>37<\/i>(3), 8149-8149. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/productions-animales.2024.37.3.8149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/productions-animales.2024.37.3.8149<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref3336\"><sup>[35]<\/sup><\/a> Friggens, N. C., Blanc, F., Berry, D. P., &amp; Puillet, L. (2017). Deciphering animal robustness. A synthesis to facilitate its use in livestock breeding and management. <i>Animal<\/i>, <i>11<\/i>(12), 2237-2251. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S175173111700088X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S175173111700088X<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref3336\"><sup>[36]<\/sup><\/a> ITAVI &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.itavi.asso.fr\/publications\/performances-techniques-et-couts-de-production-en-volailles-de-chair-resultats-2017\/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Performances techniques et co\u00fbts de production<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref37\"><sup>[37]<\/sup><\/a> The Shift Project &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/theshiftproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/RF-Agri-Rapport-Complet-DEF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pour une agriculture bas carbone, r\u00e9siliente et prosp\u00e8re<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-118173bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"118173bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e58b211 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e58b211\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-295f230a elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"295f230a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/25-05-Is-improving-the-welfare-of-farm-animals-beneficial-for-the-environment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" download=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f29bd95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f29bd95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c93774b elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1c93774b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-line-chart\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Improving animal welfare improves their productivity: fewer animals are needed to produce the same amount of meat, milk, eggs, etc., which limits the negative impacts of livestock farming.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-holding-heart\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Improving animal health reduces the use of drugs and lowers their environmental impact.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-seedling\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Some farming practices, such as grazing, are beneficial for animals and the environment.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Increased space, bedding, and outdoor access are essential for animal welfare but have an impact on the environment.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ccc84e7 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1ccc84e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50e571a elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"50e571a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77e6ee02 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77e6ee02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eceb762 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6eceb762\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">180 000<\/span>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7283a6bc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7283a6bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Number of additional hectares required to provide outdoor access for pigs raised for meat in France.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68055265 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"68055265\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19cd79a6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"19cd79a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64f1250b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64f1250b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-395562b1 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"395562b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-34560 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-carbon tag-grassland tag-greenhouse-gas-emissions themes-farm-animals especes-cows media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grasslands-help-offset-part-of-cows-greenhouse-gas-emissions\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-34562\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grasslands-help-offset-part-of-cows-greenhouse-gas-emissions\/\">\n\t\t\t\tGrasslands help offset part of cows\u2019 greenhouse gas emissions, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-28766 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-28776\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tFarm animals are given feed containing antibiotics: TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26276 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-pets especes-horses media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-9630\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tA horse in the pasture is a happy horse: TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12309 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cows_in_the_meadow-scaled-e1668089609849.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4124\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">One welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tHedgerows are essential for the welfare of free-range animals, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Improving animal welfare enhances animal productivity and health. But is it compatible with environmental protection? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":40395,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[389,378,379],"themes":[282,284],"especes":[296,285,332,287,300,309,488],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-40384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-animaux-delevage-en","tag-environment","tag-one-welfare-en","themes-farm-animals","themes-one-welfare-en","especes-cows","especes-goats","especes-horses","especes-pigs","especes-poultry","especes-sheep","especes-turkeys","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40384","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40384"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42447,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40384\/revisions\/42447"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40384"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=40384"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=40384"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=40384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}