{"id":34560,"date":"2024-10-10T10:50:26","date_gmt":"2024-10-10T08:50:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/grasslands-help-offset-part-of-cows-greenhouse-gas-emissions-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2025-03-10T15:47:21","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T14:47:21","slug":"grasslands-help-offset-part-of-cows-greenhouse-gas-emissions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grasslands-help-offset-part-of-cows-greenhouse-gas-emissions\/","title":{"rendered":"Grasslands help offset part of cows\u2019 greenhouse gas emissions, TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"34560\" class=\"elementor elementor-34560 elementor-30893\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a4a6a4f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a4a6a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65edd920 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65edd920\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68c2f740 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68c2f740\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d4b28bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d4b28bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-34562\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fd6ad8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48fd6ad8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-527b6b27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"527b6b27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748c2873 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"748c2873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-34562\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Couverture-prairies_ENG.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e2a826d elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"6e2a826d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">TRUE<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grasslands are carbon sinks, which help offset some of the greenhouse gas emissions from cattle. Good soil management and livestock practices (such as rotational grazing) can increase the carbon storage capacity of grasslands. However, this capacity diminishes over time.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-724ec10a elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"724ec10a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32c501e8 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"32c501e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/24-10-Les-prairies-permettent-de-compenser-une-partie-des-emissions-de-GES-des-vaches-VRAI-ou-FAUX.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1508a7c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1508a7c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11dfc9aa elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"11dfc9aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">GHG emissions from cattle account for 62% of GHG emissions attributed to livestock production globally<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-thumbs-up\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Grasslands help offset some of the carbon emissions from livestock farming by storing carbon <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-tree\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Good livestock and soil management practices can help maintain or even increase the carbon stock of grasslands<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9efe6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"8b9efe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"1a4\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d7ac07d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d7ac07d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The image of agriculture has gradually <strong>deteriorated<\/strong> due to <strong>various crises<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/strong> and the <strong>questioning of certain livestock or cultivation practices<\/strong> (such as the excessive use of inputs), put in place to meet <strong>production<\/strong> <strong>needs<\/strong>. While polls show that the majority of French people have maintained a <strong>high level of support for farmers<\/strong> since 1999<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>, some citizens are <strong>critical<\/strong> of the impacts of agriculture on health and the environment, in the short, medium and long term.<\/p><p>Criticism frequently singles out the <strong>breeding of ruminants and cattle<\/strong>, particularly with regard to its <strong>emissions of methane<\/strong>, a <strong>powerful greenhouse gas<\/strong> (GHG) which contributes to climate change. Indeed, in its report published in December 2023<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) highlights that <strong>livestock farming is responsible for 12% of global GHG emissions<\/strong> (20.5% in France) caused by humans; <strong>methane accounts for a little more than half of these emissions <\/strong> (54%).<\/p><p>However, as early as 2009, the FAO has argued that \u00ab <em>with better management practices, <strong> the livestock sector can also contribute significantly to mitigating the effects of climate change <\/strong><\/em> [\u2026]. <em>Increasing <strong>grazing systems<\/strong> for animal feed, particularly through <strong>effective rotational grazing<\/strong> is potentially the most cost-effective way to reduce and offset greenhouse gas emissions. The regeneration of vegetation cover and <strong>soil organic matter<\/strong> enhances <strong>carbon sequestration<\/strong>, while the incorporation of <strong>high-quality forage<\/strong> in animal feed contributes to the reduction of methane emissions per unit of animal product<\/em> \u00bb<strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/strong>.<\/p><p>Let us take a closer look at the latest scientific data: can grasslands help to partially offset livestock GHG emissions?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45bc31bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"45bc31bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64c8ecd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64c8ecd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Understanding greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1de56d3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1de56d3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Agriculture mainly generates three greenhouse gases<\/strong>: carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Their contribution to the greenhouse effect <strong>varies<\/strong> depending on the gas. For example, methane, although having a shorter lifespan, has a warming potential more than <strong>80 times greater<\/strong> than carbon dioxide<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>According to the latest FAO report in 2023, GHG emissions from livestock farming worldwide are distributed as follows:<\/p><ul><li><strong>60% direct GHG emissions<\/strong>: this mainly concerns methane from enteric fermentation (digestion process in ruminants) and nitrous oxide generated by the management of effluents (manure, slurry).<\/li><li><strong>40% indirect emissions<\/strong>: this corresponds to the manufacture of fertilizers and pesticides, the production of animal feed, the manufacture of food concentrates, the transport and packaging of animal products or even the necessary deforestation for animal feed (such as soy).<\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e2e9e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e2e9e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18072f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"18072f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Emissions-GES-lies-elevage_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Emissions GES li\u00e9s \u00e9levage_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ1NjYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvRW1pc3Npb25zLUdFUy1saWVzLWVsZXZhZ2VfRU5HLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"383\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Emissions-GES-lies-elevage_ENG-1280x613.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34566\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Emissions-GES-lies-elevage_ENG-1280x613.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Emissions-GES-lies-elevage_ENG-500x239.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Emissions-GES-lies-elevage_ENG-768x368.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Emissions-GES-lies-elevage_ENG-1536x735.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Emissions-GES-lies-elevage_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdf1d84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"fdf1d84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"6\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-167a0ebd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"167a0ebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>The weight of GHG emissions depends on species<\/strong>. According to the FAO (2023), cattle farming accounts for <strong>62% of livestock farming\u2019s GHG emissions at the global level<\/strong>, far exceeding other species\u2019. This is due to their <strong>total biomass<\/strong>, which is higher than that of other livestock, but also to their <strong>specific digestion process<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n<p>The illustration below shows the <strong>distribution of GHG emissions from different livestock farms and animal products <\/strong> (meat, milk, eggs), <strong>their origin<\/strong> (emissions linked to crop extensions, feed, feces, etc. ) and <strong>their nature<\/strong> (carbon dioxide, methane or nitrous oxide).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45351f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45351f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6b5d16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c6b5d16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Schema_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Sch\u00e9ma_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ1NjgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvU2NoZW1hX0VORy5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Schema_ENG-1280x719.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34568\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Schema_ENG-1280x719.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Schema_ENG-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Schema_ENG-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Schema_ENG-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Schema_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17b2da3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17b2da3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71fe401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71fe401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Furthermore, the contribution to GHGs is <strong>different depending on cattle age and type<\/strong>. For example, since there are more dairy cows in France than suckler cows, it follows that dairy cows account for the <strong>majority of cattle<\/strong> GHG emissions. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98c682a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"98c682a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4915e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cd4915e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Contribution-categories-bovins_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Contribution cat\u00e9gories bovins_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzU0NDMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvQ29udHJpYnV0aW9uLWNhdGVnb3JpZXMtYm92aW5zX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Contribution-categories-bovins_ENG-1280x777.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35443\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Contribution-categories-bovins_ENG-1280x777.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Contribution-categories-bovins_ENG-500x303.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Contribution-categories-bovins_ENG-768x466.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Contribution-categories-bovins_ENG-1536x932.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Contribution-categories-bovins_ENG-2048x1243.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30cd80f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30cd80f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9979bfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9979bfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Livestock farming <strong>is not only a source of GHG<\/strong>: grasslands, which in France represents the bulk of cattle feed, <strong>allow carbon to be stored.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87ebd68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"87ebd68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31ff4df6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31ff4df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How do grasslands store carbon?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35888af8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"35888af8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ungrazed grasslands<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3753a5fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3753a5fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58add759 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58add759\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53bec243 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53bec243\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Carbon sequestration by grasslands is a <strong>natural process<\/strong>. In the atmosphere, carbon is present mainly in the form of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>).<\/p><p>Through <strong>photosynthesis<\/strong>, carbon is naturally fixed by plants as their metabolism includes it in the constitution of different molecules and plant tissues.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-428be50e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"428be50e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66df86e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"66df86e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-carbone-prairie_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Stockage carbone prairie_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ1NzcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvU3RvY2thZ2UtY2FyYm9uZS1wcmFpcmllX0VORy5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-carbone-prairie_ENG-500x238.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-34577\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-carbone-prairie_ENG-500x238.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-carbone-prairie_ENG-1280x609.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-carbone-prairie_ENG-768x366.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-carbone-prairie_ENG-1536x731.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-carbone-prairie_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e81f49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"4e81f49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"7a8\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21f1de1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21f1de1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This carbon will be allocated to the soil via the <strong>residues of aerial parts<\/strong> (leaves, stems) and <strong>roots<\/strong>, but also via <strong>root exudates<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/strong>,and will add to the stock of organic matter. Part of the carbon is therefore stored in the <strong>soil\u2019s organic matter as well as in the plant\u2019s aerial parts<\/strong>, and will possibly be returned to the atmosphere in the form of CO<sub>2<\/sub> via the respiration of plants and soil microorganisms.<\/p><p>Several scientific studies have shown that temperate grasslands in Europe are \u201c<strong>carbon sinks<\/strong>\u201d: they <strong>capture and store more carbon than they release<\/strong> into the atmosphere<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8271c3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8271c3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grazed grasslands<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1caf6b22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1caf6b22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A study by Senapati <em>et al<\/em>. (2014) compared the <strong>carbon storage capacities of a young sown and mown grassland<\/strong> (<strong>without animal grazing<\/strong>) and a <strong>young sown <\/strong> and <strong>grazed grassland,<\/strong> in France. This study allowed to measure the carbon fluxes between the different compartments of the system.<\/p>\n<p>When grasslands are grazed by ruminants, the same processes apply as with mowing: the carbon present in the atmosphere in the form of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and CH<sub>4<\/sub> is fixed by the plants in the form of organic carbon. Part of this carbon is stored in the organic matter of the soil and in the plants. Part is returned to the atmosphere via the respiration of plants and soil microorganisms, but also via the <strong>respiration of ruminants<\/strong>. Cattle also release CH<sub>4<\/sub> into the atmosphere through the enteric fermentation process of their <strong>digestive system<\/strong>. Cattle therefore release both CO<sub>2<\/sub> and CH<sub>4<\/sub> into the atmosphere. Thus, the <strong>overall respiration of the system<\/strong> (1510 gCm<sup>\u20132<\/sup> year<sup>\u20131<\/sup>) <strong>is higher than in a grassland without animals<\/strong> (1244 gCm<sup>\u20132<\/sup> year<sup>\u20131<\/sup>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb33d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5eb33d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c1e2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"47c1e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-selon-mode-occupation_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Stockage selon mode occupation_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzU0NDEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvU3RvY2thZ2Utc2Vsb24tbW9kZS1vY2N1cGF0aW9uX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-selon-mode-occupation_ENG-1280x620.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35441\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-selon-mode-occupation_ENG-1280x620.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-selon-mode-occupation_ENG-500x242.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-selon-mode-occupation_ENG-768x372.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-selon-mode-occupation_ENG-1536x744.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-selon-mode-occupation_ENG-2048x992.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8450672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8450672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, the study by Senapati <em>et al.<\/em>(2014) shows that the <strong>net carbon balance of a grazed grassland is higher than that of an ungrazed grassland<\/strong>. This is mainly due to the fact that in the case of a grazed grassland, a large proportion of forage is directly recycled on site by the feeding animals (allowing the organic carbon contained in the grass to be allocated to grassland soil), whereas in an ungrazed grassland, <strong>most of the organic carbon contained in the grass (95%) leaves the system in the form of hay\/forage and is not recycled on site<\/strong>. In a grazed grassland, around <strong>25-40% of the organic carbon contained in the grass ingested by the animals returns<\/strong> <strong>to the soil via the animals&#8217; faeces<\/strong>. A small proportion of the organic carbon contained in the grass ingested is exported via milk and meat produced by the animals.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-347d1bcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"347d1bcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c2be046 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c2be046\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e55abeb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e55abeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8017 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"9eb8017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Soil is the most important natural carbon sink on continental surfaces. Soils store, in the form of organic carbon, approximately three times more carbon than the atmosphere<a href=\"#renvoi\">[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Measuring soil carbon stock is challenging due to its variability over time. The process of carbon storage typically experiences exponential growth during the initial 30-40 years (assuming consistent practices, which is rare), after which it slows and approaches a state of equilibrium where carbon inputs and outputs in the soil balance out over time<a href=\"#renvoi\">[10]<\/a>. Once sequestered, carbon can persist in the soil for thousands of years, particularly in deeper soil layers.<\/p>\n<p>In any case, plant biomass production allows carbon to be stored and increases the carbon content of the soil (as well as its potential to store it). Thus, forests, peat bogs and even grasslands are particularly interesting for storing carbon.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff10ebb elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"ff10ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"9a10\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21b89bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21b89bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As with other types of soil, the carbon storage capacity of grasslands <strong>changes over time:<\/strong> it follows an exponential growth for the first 30-40 years, then slows down and tends towards an equilibrium where carbon inputs and outputs tend to <strong>cancel each other out<\/strong>. Beyond the first 30-40 years, the carbon stock contained in the grassland soil is significant <strong>but the emissions linked to the animals that enhance the grassland <\/strong> (carbon flux) <strong>are therefore no longer offset via this mechanism.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In its <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ressources.citepa.org\/Comm_Divers\/Secten\/Citepa_Secten%202024.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">latest report 2024<\/a><\/strong>, <strong>CITEPA<\/strong> (Interprofessional Technical Center for the Study of Atmospheric Pollution) shows the evolution of the role of grasslands in France in terms of absorption of CO<sub>2<\/sub> equivalent over the last thirty years: <strong>this decreasing role is explained in particular by the &#8220;aging&#8221; of French grasslands<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2433a53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2433a53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"11\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef5c4ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ef5c4ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1f4fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cc1f4fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/CITEPA-2024_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"CITEPA 2024_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ1OTAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvQ0lURVBBLTIwMjRfRU5HLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"397\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/CITEPA-2024_ENG-1280x635.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34590\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/CITEPA-2024_ENG-1280x635.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/CITEPA-2024_ENG-500x248.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/CITEPA-2024_ENG-768x381.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/CITEPA-2024_ENG-1536x762.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/CITEPA-2024_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Distribution of CO2 emissions and absorptions in France (Metropolitan France and Overseas EU) - Source: CITEPA 2024<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ae501ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1ae501ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26fa7b65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26fa7b65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Factors influencing soil carbon storage capacity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ee58756 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ee58756\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Soil carbon storage capacity<\/strong> depends on a <strong>number of criteria<\/strong>, including <strong>soil characteristics <\/strong> and <strong>climate<\/strong>, as well as <strong>human factors<\/strong> such as <strong>plant cover management<\/strong>, <strong>fertilization<\/strong> and f<strong>arming practices<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d162c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d162c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Land use<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5842710c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5842710c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-image\">As seen previously, ungrazed mown grasslands and grazed grasslands do not have the same annual net carbon balance. In the same way, <strong>not all soils have the same characteristics and carbon stocks depending on plant cover.<\/strong> Scientific studies show that a <strong>soil under annual crops<\/strong> <strong>has a much smaller stock than a grassland<\/strong> or a forest.  <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4882cc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4882cc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-619755c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"619755c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stock-C-selon-type-sol_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Stock C selon type sol_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ1OTUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvU3RvY2stQy1zZWxvbi10eXBlLXNvbF9FTkcuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"154\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stock-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-1280x246.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34595\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stock-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-1280x246.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stock-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-500x96.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stock-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-768x148.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stock-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-1536x295.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stock-C-selon-type-sol_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">According to the FAO 2023 report, land devoted to pasture represents 26% of global land surface, forests 30.3% and arable land 10.8%. It is therefore important to not only protect grasslands and forests in order to store carbon, but also to expand these areas. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0e76d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"ee0e76d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"12a14\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c24951 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c24951\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Two European projects (GreenGrass and CarboEurope) have studied <strong>the carbon storage capacity of 28 European grasslands<\/strong> and established an <strong>average net carbon storage capacity comparable to that of European forests<\/strong>. However, a large variability between grasslands was found during these studies, and these first results must be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, altough carbon storage capacities of permanent grassland<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> and forest are comparable, <strong>their respective ecosystem<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/strong> <strong>may not be,<\/strong> each system playing a specific role in terms of biodiversity, impact on the water cycle, etc.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40d0eff3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"40d0eff3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Land use conversion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-516e617 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"516e617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The storage of organic carbon in soil <strong>is not irreversible<\/strong>. Thus, the <strong>conversion of land to other uses<\/strong> can promote the release of soil carbon stocks: in other words, <strong>soil can either be a carbon sink or source<\/strong>. For example, when a forest is converted to grassland or to crops (or vice versa), this is accompanied by a change in soil characteristics and in the processes operating at the organic matter level, disrupting soil carbon storage capacities<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A study conducted by Arrouays <em>et al<\/em>. (2002) showed that the carbon storage potential of soils <strong>remains almost identical when a forest is transformed into permanent grassland,<\/strong> whereas the transition from a forest to cropland or from a permanent grassland to cropland <strong>leads to significant CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions.<\/strong> (+2.4 to 4.6 t eq. CO<sub>2<\/sub>\/hectare\/year). Thus, if <strong>permanent grasslands were replaced by cultivated areas<\/strong> (where possible, outside mountainous areas for example), <strong>this would result in carbon destocking and an increase in emissions.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad0f5c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ad0f5c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1fc641 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c1fc641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Impacts-si-changement-usage-terres_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Impacts si changement usage terres_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzU0NDUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvSW1wYWN0cy1zaS1jaGFuZ2VtZW50LXVzYWdlLXRlcnJlc19FTkcucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Impacts-si-changement-usage-terres_ENG-1280x605.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35445\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Impacts-si-changement-usage-terres_ENG-1280x605.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Impacts-si-changement-usage-terres_ENG-500x236.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Impacts-si-changement-usage-terres_ENG-768x363.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Impacts-si-changement-usage-terres_ENG-1536x726.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Impacts-si-changement-usage-terres_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faf130d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"faf130d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Good soil management practices<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e085f54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"e085f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"15a16\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd57252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd57252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Other factors can influence the carbon storage capacity of soils, regardless of their use: these include <strong>soil management practices<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Different soil management practices <strong>can increase carbon storage capacity<\/strong>. For instance, <strong>permanent grasslands store more carbon than temporary grasslands<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/strong>. This is due to the absence of soil tillage, the increased production and restitution of biomass, which allow the soil carbon storage process to follow an exponential growth during the first 30-40 years. Thus, temporary grasslands subjected to a succession of crops and whose soil is worked do not offer the same storage capacities as permanent grasslands. Furthermore, the balanced supply of organic nitrogen <strong>via animal manure<\/strong> or via a <strong>nitrogen-rich plant cover<\/strong> such as legumes i<strong>ncreases carbon sequestration<\/strong>. Conversely, a nitrogen deficit can cause carbon destocking<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f13648 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f13648\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58e344d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"58e344d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-C-selon-type-sol_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Stockage C selon type sol_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzU0MzksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvU3RvY2thZ2UtQy1zZWxvbi10eXBlLXNvbF9FTkcucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"217\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-1280x347.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35439\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-1280x347.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-500x136.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-768x208.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-1536x417.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Stockage-C-selon-type-sol_ENG-2048x555.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7485d110 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7485d110\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Grazing intensity<\/strong> is also an impacting factor: <strong>overgrazing<\/strong>, which is an excessive exploitation of the vegetation of a forage area by cattle and other ruminants, <strong>can degrade the plant cover and reduce soil carbon storage<\/strong> capacity through reduced return of litter (decomposing plant debris) to the soil. Conversely, <strong>rotational grazing<\/strong> (including short rotations) <strong>makes it possible to avoid overgrazing<\/strong>, to stimulate biomass production <strong>while reducing the consumption of concentrated feed<\/strong> (cereals, soybeans, etc.). This also makes it possible to <strong>reduce GHG emissions linked to the management and storage of effluents<\/strong>, with a uniform distribution of nutrients on the plots<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>In addition, <strong>agroforestry <\/strong> or the <strong>presence of hedges<\/strong> in a grassland also makes it possible to increase carbon stocks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cba3b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"6cba3b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"17a18\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d463dc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3d463dc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e87019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e87019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Global trends and outlook<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c39253 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c39253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In its 2023 <em>Global assessment of soil report carbon in grasslands: From curret stock estimates to sequestration potential<\/em>, the FAO highlights that <strong>54% of grassland soils<\/strong> worldwide have <strong>stable carbon storage capacities<\/strong>, thanks to sufficient organic inputs. This is all the more true for environments that are little or not exploited by humans<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>However, <strong>grassland soils in certain geographical areas have a negative carbon balance due to soil degradation<\/strong> (linked to human activity and extreme climatic events such as water stress, intense and frequent fires, etc.): this is the case in <strong>East Asia<\/strong>, <strong>South America<\/strong> <strong>and Central Africa<\/strong>, and <strong>areas of Africa south of the equator.<\/strong> In these regions, current carbon stocks in grassland soils are also <strong>likely to decline due to increasing anthropogenic pressure <\/strong> <strong> and climatic conditions<\/strong>. FAO has also published a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/data.apps.fao.org\/glosis\/?share=f-6756da2a-5c1d-4ac9-9b94-297d1f105e83&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">global soil map<\/a><\/strong> that tracks <strong>the status of carbon sequestration in soils.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Better soil management practices such as <strong>manure application<\/strong> (which provides organic matter to stimulate soil microorganisms), <strong>agroforestry<\/strong>, or <strong>rotational grazing<\/strong> offer opportunities to increase the carbon storage capacity of grassland soils in the short term. <strong>Limiting certain changes in use<\/strong> (such as converting permanent grassland to cropland) and <strong>combating poor soil management practices<\/strong> (overgrazing, systematic and deep ploughing, excessive fertilisation) also contribute to this effort. Finally, maintaining the carbon stocks already present in the soil is necessary, <strong>by protecting primary or old-growth forests, peatlands and permanent grasslands<\/strong>, <strong>which are carbon sinks <\/strong> and help to offset part of the carbon emissions linked to cattle farming.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c8e97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7c8e97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2fca87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e2fca87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Meilleures-pratiques_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Meilleures pratiques_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ2MDYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvTWVpbGxldXJlcy1wcmF0aXF1ZXNfRU5HLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"283\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Meilleures-pratiques_ENG-1280x453.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34606\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Meilleures-pratiques_ENG-1280x453.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Meilleures-pratiques_ENG-500x177.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Meilleures-pratiques_ENG-768x272.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Meilleures-pratiques_ENG-1536x544.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Meilleures-pratiques_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9a3285 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9a3285\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Such practices call for <strong>ambitious national and international agricultural policies,<\/strong> such as the French initiative \u201c<em>4 per 1000<\/em>\u201d launched in 2015 during COP21, highlighting the importance of preserving living soils.<em><\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f0f756 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f0f756\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7af5794 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7af5794\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a2e8ad elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a2e8ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3db65a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"3db65a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/4p1000.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><em>4 per 1000\u00a0initiative<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\" is based on the following observation: if the level of carbon stored by the soil in the first 30 to 40 centimeters increased by 0.4% (or 4\u2030) per year, the annual increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere would almost be offset.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95140a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"95140a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"19a20\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dced8c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dced8c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, such initiatives do not address <strong>all the GHG issues related to livestock farming<\/strong>. For offsetting carbon emissions, grasslands \u2013 with their margin for progress in terms of carbon storage \u2013 will <strong>not be sufficient<\/strong>. <strong>Other problems \u2013 such as nitrous oxide and ammonia<\/strong> (NH3<sup>+<\/sup>) emissions related to livestock farming \u2013 are studied, and different avenues for their reduction are considered (such as, for example, the burial of effluents in the soil)<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>. In addition, the imperatives of <strong>economic profitability<\/strong>, <strong>productivity<\/strong> and <strong>food safety <\/strong> must also be taken into account. That being said, <strong>other levers for action also make it possible to reduce GHGs related to cattle farming<\/strong>, while being keen <strong>to preserve animal welfare<\/strong>: genetic selection, effluent management, feed, etc<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>. So many avenues to explore to reconcile cattle farming and environmental issues\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2623fe01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2623fe01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6728bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6728bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In short<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db2f69d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"db2f69d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21c42c47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"21c42c47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc47b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2dc47b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em> Thanks to Nathalie Vassal (lecturer in agronomy at VetAgro Sup \u2013<\/em> <em>Unit\u00e9 mixte de Recherche sur l\u2019Ecosyst\u00e8me Prairial) and Paul Villate (teacher in animal and plant sciences at VetAgro Sup) for their contribution and proofreading of this article.<\/em><\/p><p>This article was modified on 14 October 2024 to integrate more recent scientific data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bf2d7fb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4bf2d7fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7245462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7245462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"renvoi\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-412cde6f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"412cde6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\"><p><sup id=\"1\"><a href=\"#1a4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1'\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> For example, rising production costs, environmental problems linked to the intensification of practices, a crisis of vocation linked to growing uncertainties such as climatic hazards or price volatility&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"2\"><a href=\"#1a4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#2'\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> On average, since 1999, 74.7% of French people surveyed by Ifop believe that consumers can trust farmers. Fougier, Eddy. 2019, <em>L\u2019hostilit\u00e9 des acteurs de la transition \u00e9cologique \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des agriculteurs<\/em>, <em>Paysans &amp; soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/em>, vol. 375, no. 3, pp. 32-38.   <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"3\"><a href=\"#1a4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3'\">[3] <\/a><\/sup>FAO. 2023. <em>Pathways towards lower emissions \u2013 A global assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions and<\/em><em>mitigation options from livestock agrifood systems<\/em>. Rome  <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"4\"><a href=\"#1a4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4'\">[4] <\/a><\/sup>FAO, 2009, <em>La situation mondiale de l\u2019alimentation et de l\u2019agriculture<\/em>, pp.58 et 82<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"5\"><a href=\"#1a4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5'\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Methane released into the atmosphere is 80 times more potent than CO<sub>2<\/sub> over a 20-year period. The atmospheric lifetime of methane is 10 to 12 years, while that of carbon dioxide is about 100 years. Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2021  <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"6\"><a href=\"#6\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6'\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Llonch, P., Haskell, M.J., Dewhurst, R.J. &amp; Turner, S.P. 2017, <em>Current available strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in livestock systems: an animal welfare perspective<\/em>. Animal, 11(2): 274\u2013284. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731116001440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><br \/>\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731116001440<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"7\"><a href=\"#7a8\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7'\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Substances secreted by plant roots into the soil. These substances include a variety of chemical compounds that play essential roles in the interaction of plants with their environment (Pinton 2007). <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"8\"><a href=\"#7a8\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#8'\">[8] <\/a><\/sup>Senapati N., Chabbi A., Gastal F., Smith P., Mascher N., Loubet B., Cellier P., Naisse C., 2014. <em>Net carbon storage measured in a mowed and grazed temperate sown grassland shows potential for carbon sequestration under grazed system<\/em>. Carbon Management, 5:2, 131-144. <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"11\"><a href=\"#9a10\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11'\">[9] <\/a><\/sup>Dignac, Marie-France &amp; Derrien, Delphine &amp; Barr\u00e9, Pierre &amp; Barot, S\u00e9bastien &amp; C\u00e9cillon, Lauric &amp; Chenu, Claire &amp; Chevallier, Tiphaine &amp; Freschet, Gr\u00e9goire &amp; Garnier, Patricia &amp; Guenet, Bertrand &amp; Hedde, Micka\u00ebl &amp; Klumpp, Katja &amp; Lashermes, Gwena\u00eblle &amp; Maron, Pierre-Alain &amp; Nunan, Naoise &amp; Roumet, Catherine &amp; Basile-Doelsch, Isabelle, 2017<em>. <\/em><em>Increasing soil carbon storage: mechanisms, effects of agricultural practices and proxies. <\/em><em>A review<\/em>. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 37. 10.1007\/s13593-017-0421-2.  .<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"12\"><a href=\"#9a10\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12'\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Armelle Gac, Jean-Baptiste Doll\u00e9, Andr\u00e9 Le Gall, Katja Klumpp, Tiphaine Tallec, <em>et al<\/em>. 2010, <em>Le stockage de carbone par les prairies : Une voie d\u2019att\u00e9nuation de l\u2019impact de l\u2019\u00e9levage herbivore sur l\u2019effet de serre<\/em>. Institut de l\u2019Elevage &#8211; INRA, 12 p., Collection l\u2019Essentiel. hal-02824535 <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"12\"><a href=\"#11\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12'\">[11]<\/a> <\/sup>CITEPA 2024 report available on: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.citepa.org\/fr\/secten\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.citepa.org\/fr\/secten\/<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"13\"><a href=\"#12a14\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13'\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> According to the study by Arrouays <em>et al.<\/em>(2002), a permanent grassland is a natural grassland or one that was sown more than 6 years ago with no land use change intended. <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"14\"><a href=\"#12a14\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#14'\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Ecosystem services are generally defined as the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to the benefit of human life. See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.millenniumassessment.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.millenniumassessment.org<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"15\"><a href=\"#12a14\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15'\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> In a forest, a significant portion of the carbon stock is located in the wood of the trees, in addition to soil carbon. When the conversion of a forest to grassland or cropland results in the burning of trees, the carbon destocking is thus considerable.  <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"16\"><a href=\"#15a16\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#16'\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> According to the study by Arrouays <em>et al<\/em>. (2002), a permanent grassland is a natural grassland or one that was sown more than 6 years ago with no land use change intended; a temporary grassland is less than 6 years old, alternating with crops. <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#15a16\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17'\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Gac <em>et al.<\/em> (2010)<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#17a18\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17'\">[17] <\/a><\/sup>Mukherji, A., Arndt, C., Arango, J., Flintan, F., Derera, J., Francesconi, W., Jones, S, Loboguerrero, A.M., Merrey, D., Mockshell, J., Quintero, M., Mulat, D.G., Ringler, C., Ronchi, L., Sanchez, M, Sapkota, T. and Thilsted, S. 2023. <em>Achieving agricultural breakthrough: A deep dive into seven technological areas<\/em>. Montpellier, France: CGIAR System Organization <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#17a18\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17'\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Conversely, grasslands exploited by humans need greater organic inputs to maintain their carbon storage capacity. See Marta Dondini, Manuel Martin, Camillo De Camillis, Aimable Uwizeye, Jean-Francois Soussana, <em>et al<\/em>. 2023, <em>Global assessment of soil carbon in grasslands: From curret stock estimates to sequestration potential<\/em>. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. 187, 978-92-5-137550-1    .<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#19a20\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17'\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> See our article \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/the-cowtoilet-toilets-for-cows-to-reduce-ammonia-emissions-and-make-better-use-of-nitrogen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Le CowToilet : des WC pour vaches pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions d\u2019ammoniac et mieux valoriser l\u2019azote ?<\/a> \u00bb et ADEME, <em>Guide des bonnes pratiques agricoles pour l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air<\/em>, 2020, accessible <a href=\"https:\/\/librairie.ademe.fr\/produire-autrement\/4044-guide-des-bonnes-pratiques-agricoles-pour-l-amelioration-de-la-qualite-de-l-air.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/librairie.ademe.fr\/produire-autrement\/4044-guide-des-bonnes-pratiques-agricoles-pour-l-amelioration-de-la-qualite-de-l-air.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#19a20\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17'\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> Llonch <em>et al.<\/em> (2017)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-118173bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"118173bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e58b211 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e58b211\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-295f230a elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"295f230a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/24-10-Grasslands-help-offset-part-of-cows-greenhouse.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f29bd95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f29bd95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c93774b elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1c93774b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">GHG emissions from cattle account for 62% of GHG emissions attributed to livestock production globally<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-thumbs-up\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Grasslands help offset some of the carbon emissions from livestock farming by storing carbon <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-tree\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Good livestock and soil management practices can help maintain or even increase the carbon stock of grasslands<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ccc84e7 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1ccc84e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7838c62a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7838c62a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77e6ee02 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77e6ee02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eceb762 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6eceb762\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">62%<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7283a6bc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7283a6bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Of all livestock-related GHG emissions, 62% are attributed to <strong>cattle farming<\/strong> globally (FAO 2023)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68055265 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"68055265\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19cd79a6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"19cd79a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64f1250b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64f1250b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-395562b1 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"395562b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-34198 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 especes-cows media-articles-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/the-cowtoilet-toilets-for-cows-to-reduce-ammonia-emissions-and-make-better-use-of-nitrogen\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Couverture-Cowtoilet_ENG_Plan-de-travail-1-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-34201\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Couverture-Cowtoilet_ENG_Plan-de-travail-1-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Couverture-Cowtoilet_ENG_Plan-de-travail-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Couverture-Cowtoilet_ENG_Plan-de-travail-1-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Couverture-Cowtoilet_ENG_Plan-de-travail-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Couverture-Cowtoilet_ENG_Plan-de-travail-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Couverture-Cowtoilet_ENG_Plan-de-travail-1.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/the-cowtoilet-toilets-for-cows-to-reduce-ammonia-emissions-and-make-better-use-of-nitrogen\/\">\n\t\t\t\tThe CowToilet: toilets for cows to reduce ammonia emissions and make better use of nitrogen?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-28766 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-28776\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tFarm animals are given feed containing antibiotics: TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26559 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 themes-one-welfare-en especes-cows media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/it-takes-15000-liters-of-water-to-produce-1-kg-of-beef-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-26561\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/it-takes-15000-liters-of-water-to-produce-1-kg-of-beef-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tIt takes 15000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of beef: TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12078 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-24006\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tGrazing animals are necessarily happy, TRUE OR FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Grasslands are real carbon sinks&#8230; enough to offset the greenhouse gas emissions of cows? We tell you more!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":34562,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[428,426,427],"themes":[282],"especes":[296],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-34560","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-carbon","tag-grassland","tag-greenhouse-gas-emissions","themes-farm-animals","especes-cows","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34560","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34560"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34560\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35658,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34560\/revisions\/35658"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34560"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34560"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34560"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=34560"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=34560"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=34560"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}