{"id":34375,"date":"2024-12-12T10:30:04","date_gmt":"2024-12-12T09:30:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/insects-capable-of-feeling-pain-and-emotions-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2025-03-10T15:48:51","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T14:48:51","slug":"insects-capable-of-feeling-pain-and-emotions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/insects-capable-of-feeling-pain-and-emotions\/","title":{"rendered":"Insects capable of feeling pain and emotions? TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"34375\" class=\"elementor elementor-34375 elementor-32204\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a4a6a4f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a4a6a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65edd920 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65edd920\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68c2f740 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68c2f740\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d4b28bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d4b28bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-34436\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fd6ad8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48fd6ad8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-527b6b27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"527b6b27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748c2873 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"748c2873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-34436\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Couverture-insectes_ENG-1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e2a826d elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"6e2a826d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">That\u2019s a tricky one!<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The simplicity of the insect central nervous system has long suggested that they cannot. Also, the anatomical and physiological differences between vertebrates and insects make comparison between the two difficult and make it impossible to say whether insects are capable of feeling pain and emotions. <\/p>\n<p>However, recent studies seem to indicate that insects do indeed experience states similar to emotions, but they are still few in number. Further scientific studies are required to confirm this. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-724ec10a elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"724ec10a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32c501e8 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"32c501e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" role=\"button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1508a7c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1508a7c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11dfc9aa elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"11dfc9aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bug\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Insects are invertebrates and do not have the same nervous system as vertebrates<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bolt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">According to recent studies, it is very likely that insects can feel pain<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-holding-heart\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Some species of insects may exhibit emotional or affective states similar to those of mammals<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c00ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2c00ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83bd531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"83bd531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref12\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d7ac07d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d7ac07d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recent research has demonstrated, often by analogy with what is known in humans or through specific tests, that the majority of animal species, including birds and <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/fish-dont-feel-pain-true-or-false\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fish<\/a>, are capable of <strong>feeling pain<\/strong> and <strong>experiencing positive and negative emotions<\/strong>. The existence of cognitive biases \u2013 such as judgment bias for example \u2013 has also been demonstrated in many species<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d9704e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d9704e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b36e709 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b36e709\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cognitive biases<\/strong> are thought mechanisms, usually unconscious, that alter our judgment and influence our choices. They generally allow us to increase mental efficiency by allowing us to make quick decisions without conscious deliberation.<\/p><p>A <strong>judgment bias<\/strong> corresponds to an altered perception of the environment by an individual under the influence of a particular emotional state. This principle mainly occurs when the situation is <strong>ambiguous<\/strong> and is illustrated in humans by the example of \u201cseeing the glass\u201d as half empty or half full. These biases have been demonstrated in animals.<\/p><p>Thus, sheep placed in an ambiguous situation (a bucket is placed in an intermediate location between two known locations: one that corresponds to a bucket of food, the other to an empty bucket \u2013 so the present situation corresponds to neither of these known situations) <strong>do not react in the same way<\/strong> depending on whether they have been previously stressed or not. Unstressed sheep quickly move towards the bucket in the ambiguous situation, being &#8220;optimistic&#8221; about the fact that it contains food, while stressed sheep hesitate to approach it, being &#8220;pessimistic&#8221; about the fact that it contains food<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cac09b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cac09b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-biais-cognitifs-moutons_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Exp\u00e9rience biais cognitifs moutons_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQzOTQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMlwvRXhwZXJpZW5jZS1iaWFpcy1jb2duaXRpZnMtbW91dG9uc19FTkcuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-biais-cognitifs-moutons_ENG-1280x491.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34394\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-biais-cognitifs-moutons_ENG-1280x491.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-biais-cognitifs-moutons_ENG-500x192.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-biais-cognitifs-moutons_ENG-768x294.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-biais-cognitifs-moutons_ENG-1536x589.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-biais-cognitifs-moutons_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6297ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6297ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Whether insects can feel <strong>emotions<\/strong> and <strong>pain<\/strong> is still a matter of <strong>debate <\/strong> among scientists.<\/p>\n<p>Indeed, unlike vertebrates, for which the analogy with humans is quite easy and whose nervous system \u2013 although more complex \u2013 is much better understood, insects present <strong>anatomical <\/strong> and <strong>physiological<\/strong> differences that pose challenges for the interpretation of their subjective experience. However, some recent studies tend to call into question the idea that insects do not feel pain or emotions. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f58d3f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f58d3f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ad7dd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ad7dd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6292d83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6292d83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bde9b7c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bde9b7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69e001b elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"69e001b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vertebrates are animals that have a <strong>backbone<\/strong> and <strong>bones<\/strong>, such as mammals, birds, fish, or reptiles. Invertebrates are animals that have neither a backbone nor bones in general, such as mollusks and insects.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91036aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"91036aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64c8ecd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64c8ecd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Insects have nociceptive abilities\u2026<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e2e9e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e2e9e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d61fc71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d61fc71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pain<\/strong> is defined by the <em>International Association for the Study of Pain<\/em> as &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inserm.fr\/dossier\/douleur\/#:~:text=La%20douleur%20repose%20avant%20tout,l%C3%A9sion%20tissulaire%20r%C3%A9elle%20ou%20potentielle.\" data-wplink-edit=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that of actual or potential tissue damage<\/a>&#8220;. <strong>Nociception<\/strong>, on the other hand, is defined as &#8220;<em>a neural process of encoding noxious stimuli<\/em>&#8220;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b3429b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b3429b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f015 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cc7f015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"332\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Nociception_ENG-1280x531.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34399\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Nociception_ENG-1280x531.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Nociception_ENG-500x207.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Nociception_ENG-768x318.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Nociception_ENG-1536x637.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Nociception_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55608bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55608bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65eaf98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"65eaf98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref35\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bc4b59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5bc4b59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The difference between pain and nociception \u2013 beyond the emotional aspect \u2013 is that pain is a <strong>conscious feeling,<\/strong> whereas nociception can occur \u2013 depending on the case \u2013 with or without feeling. Scientists have agreed for several years that vertebrates feel pain<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>In insects, while nociception is a well-documented ability<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>, there is still <strong>little evidence<\/strong> that all insects feel pain in a similar way to vertebrates<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Indeed, the central nervous system of insects is simpler than that of vertebrates and may not possess, so it seems, the structures associated with emotional experience (the limbic system) in mammals.<\/p><p>At this stage, it is not yet clear whether or not they have different structures which are capable of similar functions. However, for certain taxa<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>?<\/sup><\/a>, the level of evidence is considered strong and it is very likely that they <strong>can feel pain<\/strong> (depending on the life stages) (see Table 1).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f599d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"f599d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2570\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2570\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Table 1  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2570\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-369b96a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"369b96a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f49ffa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f49ffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Tableau_ENG-1280x785.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-35495\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Tableau_ENG-1280x785.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Tableau_ENG-500x307.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Tableau_ENG-768x471.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Tableau_ENG-1536x942.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Tableau_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Based on Gibbons, M., Crump, A., Barrett, M., Sarlak, S., Birch, J., &amp; Chittka, L., 2022. Can insects feel pain? A review of the neural and behavioural evidence. Advances in Insect Physiology (6)   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdf1d84 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"fdf1d84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref68\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fdb8b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8fdb8b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2026 and probably more?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-167a0ebd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"167a0ebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Furthermore, recent studies<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> support the idea that some insects are capable of exhibiting \u201c<strong>emotional states<\/strong>\u201d or \u201c<strong>emotion-like<\/strong>\u201d states and reactions similar to pain in humans. A major review of the scientific literature on this topic was also published in 2022<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>Thus, it has been shown that <strong>bumblebees<\/strong> can <strong>modulate<\/strong> their behavioral response to pain depending on their motivational state and therefore the context in which they find themselves<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>. Indeed, an experiment studied the behavior of bumblebees who had been given the choice between feeders of different colors (to better identify them), heated or not heated so as to provoke a nociceptive stimulus, containing food with various sugar concentrations.<\/p><p>Bumblebees initially avoided heated feeders when sugar concentration was sufficient in unheated feeders. But they gradually fed more and more from heated feeders as sugar concentration decreased in unheated feeders, reflecting a motivational trade-off in pain management. Importantly, bumblebees relied on previously learned color cues to make their choice.<\/p><p>This seems to indicate that the reaction of bumblebees in this context is the product of a decision involving several pieces of information, which indicates that their behavior is not a simple automatic reflex, but a more <strong>global processing of information<\/strong> by the nervous system.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4a56fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b4a56fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32bc4a4 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"32bc4a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-bourdon_ENG-3.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Exp\u00e9rience bourdon_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ0MjIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMlwvRXhwZXJpZW5jZS1ib3VyZG9uX0VORy0zLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"216\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-bourdon_ENG-3-1280x345.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34422\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-bourdon_ENG-3-1280x345.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-bourdon_ENG-3-500x135.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-bourdon_ENG-3-768x207.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-bourdon_ENG-3-1536x414.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Experience-bourdon_ENG-3.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46a91af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46a91af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b02398 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"4b02398\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref9\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-100fa4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"100fa4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Other scientific studies have shown that insects can exhibit <strong>cognitive biases<\/strong> based on their <strong>emotional state.<\/strong><\/p><p>For example, <strong>bumblebees<\/strong>, when fed a sugar solution before a test, reacted more optimistically to an ambiguous stimulus (on the same principle as described above for sheep) than bumblebees not fed a sugar solution, indicating a form of cognitive bias similar to that produced by a positive emotional state of optimism in vertebrates.<\/p><p>In addition, these same bumblebees recovered more quickly from a simulated attack after receiving the sugar solution, suggesting that this emotional state could modulate their stress response, as can be observed in mammals. Finally, the study showed that the use of a <strong>dopamine<\/strong> blocker suppressed these positive effects induced by the sugar reward. However, in humans, dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a central role in <strong>motivation<\/strong> and <strong>pleasure<\/strong>. It is secreted in the brain, particularly when the individual performs a pleasant activity or receives a reward. Dopamine then encourages the repetition of the behavior that led to obtaining the reward.<\/p><p>Suppressing the positive effect by using a dopamine blocker in bumblebees strengthens the idea that <strong>neurobiological processes similar<\/strong> to those of human emotions are at work in bumblebees<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fafc71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5fafc71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbbf99e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fbbf99e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Emotions-et-bourdons_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Emotions et bourdons_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ0MjgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMlwvRW1vdGlvbnMtZXQtYm91cmRvbnNfRU5HLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Emotions-et-bourdons_ENG-1280x433.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34428\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Emotions-et-bourdons_ENG-1280x433.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Emotions-et-bourdons_ENG-500x169.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Emotions-et-bourdons_ENG-768x260.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Emotions-et-bourdons_ENG-1536x520.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Emotions-et-bourdons_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1966154 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1966154\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9660a03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"9660a03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1015\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0601566 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0601566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Another study similarly found that bees exposed to an ambiguous situation tended to react pessimistically after experiencing stress (simulated attack on their hive<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>Finally, many insects have also shown varied cognitive abilities<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>, such as <strong>associative learning abilities<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> and <strong>long-term memories<\/strong> or <strong>problem solving<\/strong> through innovative strategies<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c3512b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0c3512b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cdb934 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3cdb934\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"364\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Bourdon-avec-balle.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32221\" alt=\"Bourdon avec une balle\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70a21a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70a21a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For example, bumblebees were trained, by observing a demonstrator, to move a small ball to a defined location (a target) to obtain a reward. Instead of imitating the demonstrator who moved the ball over long distances, the bumblebees were more efficient, choosing the ball closest to the target, even if it was not the same color as the one moved by the demonstrator. This highlights significant <strong>cognitive flexibility<\/strong> in bumblebees that use &#8220;a tool&#8221; to receive a reward, demonstrating <strong>high learning abilities<\/strong><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0beed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df0beed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, some researchers<a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> still argue that the sophisticated behaviors of insects can be explained by <strong>instinctive responses<\/strong> rather than conscious cognitive processes, but this does not seem to be confirmed by more recent studies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5591571 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5591571\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6728bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6728bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a59164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a59164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The scientific community generally agrees that insects have <strong>nociceptive abilities.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, their ability to feel the <strong>emotional component<\/strong> of pain and, more generally, to feel <strong>emotions<\/strong> is still <strong>debated<\/strong>. Insects have a much simpler central nervous system than mammals or birds and some authors believe that their reactions to stimuli are <strong>instinctive<\/strong>. However, the review of the more recent literature concludes rather that insects are capable of <strong>feeling pain<\/strong>, but with a very disparate level of proof depending on the taxa and life stages.  <\/p>\n<p>Regarding emotions, recent studies indicate that some insect species, including bumblebees, exhibit &#8220;emotional states&#8221; or &#8220;affective states&#8221; that are <strong>similar<\/strong> to the emotions of mammals. This allows them to modulate their behaviors in the face of positive or negative situations. However, the conscious, <strong>subjective feeling dimension<\/strong> associated with emotional states is still uncertain, particularly due to a limited number of studies on the subject, even if some authors suggest that this level of consciousness could exist in insects.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Further scientific studies<\/strong>, particularly in other insects and depending on life stages, are needed to explore these questions in more depth!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a4bae9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5a4bae9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9d885a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9d885a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In short<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db2f69d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"db2f69d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustration fin r\u00e9sum\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ0MzEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMlwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWZpbi1yZXN1bWVfRU5HLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1738\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-34431\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-500x453.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1131x1024.jpg 1131w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-768x695.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1536x1390.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f48bf0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f48bf0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dced68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"1dced68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"ref1617\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-993f002 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"993f002\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae0b3e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ae0b3e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0970653 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"0970653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2octopus\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0128dd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"0128dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">What about octopuses? <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Octopuses are also invertebrates. However, their intelligence is often highlighted. What about their ability to feel pain and emotions? Scientific studies have shown that octopuses are capable of feeling the affective component of pain <a href=\"#renvoi\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">[5]<\/span><\/a> and of having subjective experiences    <a href=\"#renvoi\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">[16]<\/span><\/a><a href=\"#renvoi\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">[17]<\/span><\/a>\u2026 these abilities are therefore definitely not limited to vertebrates.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-026eb4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"026eb4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Thanks to <span data-teams=\"true\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sebastien-moro-675311a2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">S\u00e9bastien Moro<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/gautier-riberolles-3983071a3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Gautier Riberolles<\/a><\/span><\/em><em> for their contribution and proofreading of this article<\/em>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bf2d7fb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4bf2d7fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7245462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7245462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"renvoi\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-412cde6f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"412cde6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\"><p><a href=\"#ref12\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> For example in sheep: Destrez, A., Deiss, V., L\u00e9vy, F., Calandreau, L., Lee, C., Chaillou-Sagon, E., &amp; Boissy, A. (2013). Chronic stress induces pessimistic-like judgment and learning deficits in sheep. <i>Applied Animal Behaviour Science<\/i>, <i>148<\/i>(1\u20112), 28\u201136. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.07.016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.07.016<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref12\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Doyle, R. E., Lee, C., Deiss, V., Fisher, A. D., Hinch, G. N., &amp; Boissy, A. (2011). Measuring judgement bias and emotional reactivity in sheep following long-term exposure to unpredictable and aversive events. <i>Physiology &amp; Behavior<\/i>, <i>102<\/i>(5), 503\u2011510. <span class=\"url\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.01.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.01.001<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref35\"><sup>[3] <\/sup><\/a>Le Neindre, P., Guatteo, R., Guemene, D., Guichet, J. L., Latouche, K., Leterrier, C., &#8230; &amp; Serviere, J. (2009). <i>Douleurs animales. Les identifier, les comprendre, les limiter chez les animaux d&#8217;\u00e9levage. <\/i><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref35\"><sup>[4] <\/sup><\/a>Tracey, W. D. (2017). Nociception. <i>Current Biology<\/i>, <i>27<\/i>(4), R129\u2011R133. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2017.01.037\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2017.01.037<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref35\"><sup>[5] <\/sup><\/a>Crook, R. J. (2021). Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence suggests affective pain experience in octopus. <i>iScience<\/i>, <i>24<\/i>(3), 102229. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102229\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102229<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref68\"><sup>[6] <\/sup><\/a>Gibbons, M., Crump, A., Barrett, M., Sarlak, S., Birch, J., &amp; Chittka, L. (2022). Can insects feel pain? A review of the neural and behavioural evidence. <i>Advances in Insect Physiology<\/i>, <i>63<\/i>, 155-229. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.aiip.2022.10.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.aiip.2022.10.001<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref68\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> Baracchi, D., Lihoreau, M., &amp; Giurfa, M. (2017). Do Insects Have Emotions ? Some Insights from Bumble Bees. <i>Frontiers In Behavioral Neuroscience<\/i>, <i>11<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00157\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00157<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref68\"><sup>[8] <\/sup><\/a>Gibbons, M., Versace, E., Crump, A., Baran, B., &amp; Chittka, L. (2022). Motivational trade-offs and modulation of nociception in bumblebees. <i>Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences<\/i>, <i>119<\/i>(31).<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2205821119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2205821119<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> Solvi, C., Baciadonna, L., &amp; Chittka, L. (2016). Unexpected rewards induce dopamine-dependent positive emotion\u2013like state changes in bumblebees. <i>Science<\/i>, <i>353<\/i>(6307), 1529\u20111531. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf4454\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf4454<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1015\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a> Bateson, M., Desire, S., Gartside, S. E., &amp; Wright, G. A. (2011). Agitated honeybees exhibit pessimistic cognitive biases. <i>Current Biology<\/i>, <i>21<\/i>(12), 1070\u20111073. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.017<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1015\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> Lucon-Xiccato, T., Carere, C., &amp; Baracchi, D. (2023). Intraspecific variation in invertebrate cognition : a review. <i>Behavioral Ecology And Sociobiology<\/i>, <i>78<\/i>(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-023-03413-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-023-03413-8<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1015\"><sup>[12] <\/sup><\/a>Giurfa, M. (2013). Cognition with few neurons : higher-order learning in insects. <i>Trends In Neurosciences<\/i>, <i>36<\/i>(5), 285\u2011294. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2012.12.011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2012.12.011<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1015\"><sup>[13] <\/sup><\/a>Loukola, O. J., Solvi, C., Coscos, L., &amp; Chittka, L. (2017). Bumblebees show cognitive flexibility by improving on an observed complex behavior. <i>Science<\/i>, <i>355<\/i>(6327), 833\u2011836. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aag2360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aag2360<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1015\"><sup>[14] <\/sup><\/a>Bridges, A. D., Royka, A., Wilson, T., Lockwood, C., Richter, J., Juusola, M., &amp; Chittka, L. (2024). Bumblebees socially learn behaviour too complex to innovate alone. <i>Nature<\/i>, <i>627<\/i>(8004), 572\u2011578. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07126-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07126-4<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1015\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> Adamo, S. A. (2016). Do insects feel pain ? A question at the intersection of animal behaviour, philosophy and robotics. <i>Animal Behaviour<\/i>, <i>118<\/i>, 75\u201179. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.05.005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.05.005<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1617\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a> Birch, J, Burn, C, Schnell, A, Browning, H &amp; Crump, A. (2021). Review of the evidence of sentience in cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans. LSE Consulting. LSE Enterprise Ltd. <em>The London School of Economics and Political Science<\/em>.<\/p><p><a href=\"#ref1617\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a> Mather, J. (2022). The Case for Octopus Consciousness : Valence. <i>NeuroSci<\/i>, <i>3<\/i>(4), 656\u2011666. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci3040047\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span class=\"url\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci3040047<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1092\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1092\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Definition<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1092\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1092\"><p><a href=\"#ref35\"><sup>?<\/sup><\/a>A <strong>taxon<\/strong> refers to a group of living beings sharing certain characteristics, from which their classification is established.<\/p><p>Categories of biological classification, such as species, genus, family, order, class, or phylum, are taxa.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-118173bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"118173bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e58b211 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e58b211\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-295f230a elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"295f230a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/24-12-Insects-capable-of-feeling-pain-and-emotions-TRUE-or-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f29bd95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f29bd95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c93774b elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1c93774b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bug\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Insects are invertebrates and do not have the same nervous system as vertebrates<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bolt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">According to recent studies, it is very likely that insects can feel pain<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-holding-heart\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Some species of insects may exhibit emotional or affective states similar to those of mammals<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ccc84e7 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1ccc84e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7838c62a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7838c62a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77e6ee02 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77e6ee02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eceb762 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6eceb762\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2022<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7283a6bc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7283a6bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Publication of <em>Can insects feel pain? A review of the neural and behavioural evidence <\/em><a href=\"#renvoi\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>, which analyzes scientific work related to insects and their perception of pain<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68055265 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"68055265\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19cd79a6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"19cd79a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64f1250b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64f1250b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-395562b1 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"395562b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26071 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/nothing-is-being-done-to-protect-animals-in-slaughterhouses-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14933\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Couverture-abattoir-insta_Plan-de-travail-1-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/nothing-is-being-done-to-protect-animals-in-slaughterhouses-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tNothing is being done to protect animals in slaughterhouses, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26915 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-other-animals especes-cats especes-dogs especes-fish especes-mice especes-rabbits especes-rats-en media-popular-beliefs media-videos-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/animals-used-in-research-end-their-lives-in-laboratories-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-10072\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Illustration_sans_titre-7.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Other animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/animals-used-in-research-end-their-lives-in-laboratories-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tAnimals used in research end their lives in laboratories, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12413 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-other-animals themes-pets especes-fish media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/fish-dont-feel-pain-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-16957\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Other animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/fish-dont-feel-pain-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tFish don&#8217;t feel pain, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-10828 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-animaux-delevage tag-farm-animals tag-ruminants-en themes-farm-animals especes-sheep media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/sheep-shearing-hurts-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-11-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-10204\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-11-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-11-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-11-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-11-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-11.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/sheep-shearing-hurts-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tSheep shearing hurts! TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The simplicity of the insect central nervous system has long suggested that they cannot feel pain. However, recent studies seem to indicate that insects do indeed experience states similar to emotions, but they are still few in number. Further scientific studies are required to confirm this.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":34436,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[422,288,421],"themes":[311],"especes":[420],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-34375","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-insects","tag-sensibility","tag-wild-animals","themes-other-animals","especes-bees","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34375","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34375"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34375\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35663,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34375\/revisions\/35663"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34375"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34375"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34375"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=34375"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=34375"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=34375"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}