{"id":33834,"date":"2024-05-13T13:28:21","date_gmt":"2024-05-13T11:28:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/calves-are-separated-from-their-mothers-at-birth-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2025-03-10T15:46:02","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T14:46:02","slug":"calves-are-separated-from-their-mothers-at-birth-true-or-false","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/calves-are-separated-from-their-mothers-at-birth-true-or-false\/","title":{"rendered":"Calves are separated from their mothers at birth: TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"33834\" class=\"elementor elementor-33834 elementor-25198\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cdc3fee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4cdc3fee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b0a9ba9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b0a9ba9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c7189a6 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c7189a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5598b01c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5598b01c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-25336\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc44381 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cc44381\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-227f364a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"227f364a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4aff0663 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4aff0663\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-25336\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/vignette-veau-1.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e01271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"71e01271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">FALSE<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are two types of cattle breeding:<\/p>\n<p>\u25abDairy production, where calves are often separated from their mothers at birth, although new practices are developing. <\/p>\n<p>\u25abBeef production, where calves stay with their mothers for several months.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d15e4da elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d15e4da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91fa59d elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"91fa59d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/24-05-Les-veaux-sont-separes-de-leur-mere-des-la-naissance-VRAI-ou-FAUX.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2efc65d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2efc65d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dfa224 elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"6dfa224\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-heart\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The mother-calf bond is essential for the development of the calf's immune system, its nutrition and the development of its social behavior<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2cow\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">In dairy farms, the calf is generally separated from its mother within 24 hours, whereas in suckler farms, the calf is left with its mother until weaning<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-thumbs-up\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">However, new practices are being developed to improve the welfare of dairy calves: calves raised by nurse cows, calves left with their mothers for longer, etc.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17a25de elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"17a25de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ae53a60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ae53a60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The cow-calf bond<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86caace elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86caace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After birth, calves <strong>depend on<\/strong> their mothers for survival. Firstly, for the intake of <strong>colostrum<\/strong><a href=\"#1\"><sup id=\"1'\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>, necessary for its <strong>immune protection<\/strong> \u2013 lacking at birth. But also for the <strong>satisfaction of its nutritional needs<\/strong> through maternal milk. Indeed, at the beginning of its life, the calf&#8217;s digestive system <strong>is not developed<\/strong> and so it cannot feed on solid food. Only the <strong>abomasum<\/strong><a href=\"#2\"><sup id=\"2'\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> is <strong>functional<\/strong> and allows it to digest milk. Then progressively, from <strong>2-3 weeks<\/strong>, calves <strong>gradually and naturally begin<\/strong> to consume <strong> fibrous foods<\/strong> (<em>grass, fodder, etc.<\/em>), thus acquiring their adult digestive system.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e8664b8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e8664b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75687097 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75687097\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-339b6fc5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"339b6fc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70cf4e3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"70cf4e3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The adult bovine is polygastric, meaning it has several cavities: three forestomachs (the reticulum, the rumen and the folium) and the abomasum which is comparable to the actual stomach. The calf is monogastric, because only its abomasum is functional. During growth, its digestive system undergoes major physiological and anatomical changes which allow the forestomachs to function, making it a ruminant capable of digesting plant fibers.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2303a634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2303a634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Under natural conditions, this transition from milk to solid diet occurs gradually over several months until weaning<\/strong> \u2013 when milk feeding ceases, between <strong>8 and 12 months<\/strong> of age, generally before the next calf\u2019s birth<a href=\"#3\"><sup id=\"3'\">[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The mother also plays a determining role in her calf\u2019s behavioral development<\/strong>, by influencing its feeding behavior and facilitating the development of <strong>its social behavior<\/strong><a href=\"#4\"><sup id=\"4'\">[4]<\/sup><\/a>. Indeed, during its first few days, the mother is the calf&#8217;s <strong>only social partner<\/strong> and it is during this period that the cow-calf bond is built<a href=\"#5\"><sup id=\"5'\">[5]<\/sup><\/a>. This bond is considered to be fully established <strong>4 days after birth<\/strong><a href=\"#6\"><sup id=\"6'\">[6]<\/sup><\/a>. Then, little by little, while maintaining its preferential bond with its mother, the calf will interact more frequently with <strong>other young of the same age <\/strong>(<em>sniffing, licking, head games, etc<\/em>.), thus creating affinity relationships. <strong>Separation from the mother then occurs gradually. <\/strong>After the mother stops suckling, the bond <strong>goes on <\/strong>but the mother takes more and more care of her new calf.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fdd0dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7fdd0dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Role-mere_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Role m\u00e8re_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NTgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNVwvUm9sZS1tZXJlX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"165\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Role-mere_ENG-1280x264.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33858\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Role-mere_ENG-1280x264.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Role-mere_ENG-500x103.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Role-mere_ENG-768x158.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Role-mere_ENG-1536x317.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Role-mere_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-378f657 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"378f657\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25dace8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25dace8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Calf rearing in dairy farming<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47cf1909 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47cf1909\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Early separation of the calf<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-621de144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"621de144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In dairy cattle farms, newborns are generally <strong>separated from their mothers at birth or within the first 24 hours<\/strong>, in order to allow the calf to have its first <strong>&#8220;natural&#8221; intake of colostrum <\/strong>and build its immune system<a href=\"#7\"><sup id=\"7'\">[7]<\/sup><\/a>. This sudden separation is <strong>a source of stress<\/strong> for both animals<a href=\"#8\"><sup id=\"8'\">[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>After separation from their mothers, <strong>calves are fed &#8220;artificially&#8221; <\/strong>from a <strong>bucket<\/strong> <em>(with or without a teat<\/em>), a feeding device such as <strong>the Louve\u00ae<\/strong> (<em>a container with several teats<\/em>), or an <strong>automatic<\/strong> <strong>milk dispenser<\/strong>. The feed is either <strong>whole milk<\/strong> (<em>from milking<\/em>), <strong>milk replacer<\/strong> <em>(powder)<\/em><strong> diluted in hot water<\/strong>, or a combination of both. Calves are then weaned at <strong>around 12 weeks of age<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecfadc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ecfadc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-artificiel_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Allaitement-artificiel_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NTUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNVwvQWxsYWl0ZW1lbnQtYXJ0aWZpY2llbF9FTkcucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"258\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-artificiel_ENG-1280x412.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33855\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-artificiel_ENG-1280x412.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-artificiel_ENG-500x161.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-artificiel_ENG-768x247.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-artificiel_ENG-1536x494.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-artificiel_ENG-2048x659.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdac73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdac73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After being separated from their mother, calves are usually housed <strong>in individual hutches<\/strong> for a few weeks <strong>before being housed in groups<\/strong>. Individual housing allows for <strong>better management<\/strong> of health, feeding and growth. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84cd982 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84cd982\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4605951 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4605951\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8bcf0f elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b8bcf0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09b2e1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"09b2e1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The European directive on calf welfare<a href=\"#9\"> [9] <\/a>prohibits individual housing after 8 weeks of age. In its latest opinion, EFSA even recommends that calves be housed in pairs or small stable groups of 2 to 7 calves from their first week of life (before their 7th day). <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77bc2bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"77bc2bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The calves\u2019 fate then depends <strong>on their sex<\/strong>. <strong>Female<\/strong> calves are primarily raised for <strong>herd renewal<\/strong>, meaning they are intended to become <strong>future dairy cows<\/strong>, with their first calving anticipated <strong>between 24 and 36 months<\/strong>, depending on the breed. Typically, they stay on the farm where they were born for their entire lives. <strong>Male <\/strong>calves are <strong>raised for meat production<\/strong> and are typically processed as follows: <em>61%<\/em> are processed as veal <strong>before 8 months of age<\/strong>, <em>12%<\/em> are processed as young cattle before <strong>24 months<\/strong>, and <em>6%<\/em> are processed as beef at <strong>30 to 36 months of age<\/strong><a href=\"#10\"><sup id=\"10'\">[10]<\/sup><\/a>. They are usually transferred from their birth farm to specialized fattening farms at approximately <strong>3 weeks of age.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d1bc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f4d1bc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destination-veaux_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Destination veaux_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NjMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNVwvRGVzdGluYXRpb24tdmVhdXhfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"221\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destination-veaux_ENG-1280x353.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33863\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destination-veaux_ENG-1280x353.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destination-veaux_ENG-500x138.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destination-veaux_ENG-768x212.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destination-veaux_ENG-1536x424.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destination-veaux_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93a5ba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93a5ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The early separation of mother and calf has been <strong>a traditional practice <\/strong>in dairy farming for many years and <strong>remains prevalent today<\/strong>. This approach is advocated because it is believed to <strong>increase milk sales<\/strong> (<em>milk has more value than milk replacer<\/em>), facilitate <strong>better management <\/strong>of the calf&#8217;s <strong>intake<\/strong> of colostrum and milk\u2014thereby improving <strong>growth<\/strong> and <strong>health<\/strong>\u2014and because it is thought that the signs of stress in the calf are <strong>minimal<\/strong> when separation occurs promptly after birth.<\/p><p>However, this practice <strong>does not respect the animals\u2019 natural behavior<\/strong> and is increasingly <strong>controversial,<\/strong> particularly in regard to animal welfare<a href=\"#11\"><sup id=\"11'\">[11]<\/sup><\/a>. Thus, <strong>EFSA<\/strong>, in its latest opinion on calf welfare, recommends that dairy calves be left with their mother <strong>for at least one day <\/strong>after birth<a href=\"#12\"><sup id=\"12'\">[12]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>Practices <strong>encouraging cow-calf contact<\/strong> during the first weeks are therefore <strong>developing<\/strong>, even if they are still r<strong>elatively uncommon<\/strong><a href=\"#13\"><sup id=\"13'\">[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69b23be1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"69b23be1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b330a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b330a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">New practices<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80a1720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80a1720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Some dairy farmers choose &#8220;<strong>natural&#8221; breastfeeding<\/strong> for future replacement <strong>heifers<\/strong>, leaving them l<strong>onger with their mothers<\/strong> or putting them with <strong>a nurse cow<\/strong> who will suckle two or three calves. Depending on the practices, weaning takes place <strong>between 5 and 9 months<\/strong>.<\/p><p>In <strong>cow-nurse rearing<\/strong>, calves generally stay with their mother<strong> for a few days<\/strong> before being transferred to the nurse. <strong>Adoption<\/strong> is an important process and generally <strong>several calves<\/strong> are adopted at the same time. The nurses are chosen from cows that produce <strong>less milk<\/strong> or <strong>that have good maternal behavior,<\/strong> favoring adoption. In this breeding style, the calf and its nurse <strong>stay together permanently<\/strong> until the calf is weaned.<\/p><p>In <strong>cow-calf rearing<\/strong>, contact between mother and calf can vary from<strong> constant<\/strong> contact to <strong>short-term contact<\/strong> several times a day<a href=\"#14\"><sup id=\"14'\">[14]<\/sup><\/a>. In addition, mother and calf may be <strong>isolated <\/strong>from the rest of the herd for <strong>a few days after calving <\/strong>to promote cow-calf bonding<strong>, or may remain in the group of cows about to calve.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fa830f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4fa830f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-naturel_ENG-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Allaitement naturel_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NjgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNVwvQWxsYWl0ZW1lbnQtbmF0dXJlbF9FTkctMS5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"248\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-naturel_ENG-1-1280x397.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33868\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-naturel_ENG-1-1280x397.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-naturel_ENG-1-500x155.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-naturel_ENG-1-768x238.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-naturel_ENG-1-1536x476.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Allaitement-naturel_ENG-1.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9ab31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9ab31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>In addition, mother and calf may be isolated from the rest of the herd for a few days after calving to promote cow-calf bonding, or may remain in the group of cows about to calve<a href=\"#15\"><sup id=\"15'\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/strong>.<\/p><p>In addition, breastfeeding, although <strong>less controlled<\/strong> than artificial breastfeeding, has <strong>no negative impact <\/strong>on the health of calves (<em>as long as colostrum quantity and quality are adapted<\/em>). Breeders who raise calves with mothers or nurses mostly even observe <strong>an improvement in the health of calves<\/strong> (<em>reduction in the frequency of diarrhea, respiratory diseases<\/em>) and <strong>cows<\/strong> (<em>reduction in the number of mastitis, improvement in fertility<\/em>)<a href=\"#16\"><sup id=\"16'\">[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p>There is a <strong>consensus<\/strong> on the <strong>positive effect<\/strong> (<em>or at least the absence of negative effects<\/em>) on the <strong>overall growth of calves weaned<\/strong> later and more gradually<a href=\"#17\"><sup id=\"17'\">[17]<\/sup><\/a>. However, this also means that suckler cows provide <strong>less milk for sale.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f97c05 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f97c05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ffde1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8ffde1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff8a943 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ff8a943\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffe1cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"7ffe1cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Separation stress (agitation, vocalizations, etc.) is greater if separation occurs after the cow-calf bond has been established than if it occurs directly after birth<a href=\"#18\">[18]<\/a>. On the other hand, once the bond has been established, stress decreases as weaning occurs later, presumably because the calf is less dependent on its mother for feeding <a href=\"#19\">[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-598856aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"598856aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To ensure the successful implementation of these new practices, <strong>several key factors<\/strong> must be considered, including: effective<strong> adoption<\/strong> management, establishing a <strong>strong human-animal<\/strong> <strong>bond<\/strong> with young calves, <strong>supplemental nutrition<\/strong> for nurse cows, etc<a href=\"#20\"><sup id=\"20'\">[20]<\/sup><\/a>. Furthermore, to maintain economic viability, cow-calf or nurse-calf rearing should not imply costly infrastructure upgrades. Any potential improvements in terms of labor duration, constraints, or hardship, must at least <strong>compensate for <\/strong>the drop in production.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1160bf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1160bf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a650bb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2a650bb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suckling calf rearing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ae312c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ae312c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>As the name suggests, in suckler farming, the calf is left with its mother who will suckle it naturally until weaning<\/strong>. The calf <strong>can therefore suckle<\/strong> its mother as it pleases and weaning is <strong>gradual.<\/strong> This practice is made possible because the main production of such farming type is <strong>meat<\/strong>, not milk \u2013 which is used to suckle the calf, not sold. It concerns <strong>both female calves and the vast majority of male calves<\/strong>. The majority of <strong>female calves<\/strong> will become <strong>replacement heifers<\/strong>. The majority of <strong>males<\/strong> will be slaughtered around the age of <strong>18-24 months<\/strong>, after a fattening period. A few male calves are raised as <strong>suckling calves <\/strong>and sold as veal. They have a <strong>slightly different breeding method<\/strong>. In order to control their feeding and fattening, they are not left permanently with their mothers but are instead <strong>fed at fixed times, determined by the breeder<\/strong>.       <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a688d1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a688d1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destinations-veaux-allaitant_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Destinations veaux allaitant_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NzAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNVwvRGVzdGluYXRpb25zLXZlYXV4LWFsbGFpdGFudF9FTkcucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"221\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destinations-veaux-allaitant_ENG-1280x353.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33870\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destinations-veaux-allaitant_ENG-1280x353.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destinations-veaux-allaitant_ENG-500x138.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destinations-veaux-allaitant_ENG-768x212.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destinations-veaux-allaitant_ENG-1536x423.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Destinations-veaux-allaitant_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2848d15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2848d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Traditionally, calf and mother remain together for as long as <strong>6 to 9 months<\/strong>. This corresponds to what is observed in <strong>natural conditions.<\/strong> The age of separation depends partly on <strong>the calving season.<\/strong> In fact, breeding systems are based on <strong>grass growth<\/strong>, which makes it possible to make the most of agricultural land and provide <strong>low-cost feed<\/strong> for the calves&#8217; growth or the mothers&#8217; milk production.<\/p><p>Indeed, if a calf is born <strong>during the winter<\/strong> (<em>between November and January<\/em>), it will go out to pasture with its mother <strong>around March<\/strong> and will start to <strong>enjoy spring grass<\/strong> for its growth. It will be separated from its mother <strong>before summer <\/strong>(<em>around June<\/em>) to be sold to a <strong>fattening breeder<\/strong>, for <strong>fattening<\/strong> or <strong>breeding<\/strong>.<\/p><p>If born <strong>in spring<\/strong> (<em>between February and the end of March<\/em>), the calf will also go out to pasture <strong>with its mothers<\/strong> but will not benefit from <strong>spring grass<\/strong> for its growth because its digestive system <strong>will not yet be developed<\/strong>. <strong>The mothers will benefit from the grass<\/strong> to produce milk and suckle their calves. Calves can start grazing on grass in summer, but during that period the slow grass growth requires<strong> supplementing them with fodder<\/strong>. Also, to take advantage of the grass that grows again in September, calves are <strong>generally kept<\/strong> with their mothers and sold in the fall (<em>end of September or October<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a236639 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a236639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Naissance_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Naissance_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NzIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNVwvTmFpc3NhbmNlX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Naissance_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33872\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Naissance_ENG.png 1920w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Naissance_ENG-500x174.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Naissance_ENG-1280x445.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Naissance_ENG-768x267.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Naissance_ENG-1536x534.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c739538 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7c739538\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55a1f19b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55a1f19b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In short<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e5d925 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"21e5d925\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustration fin r\u00e9sum\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NzcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNVwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWZpbi1yZXN1bWVfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3334\" height=\"3334\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33877\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png 3334w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3334px) 100vw, 3334px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-865deec elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"865deec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11dbed6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11dbed6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional information<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50fc509d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50fc509d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>See this article by the Institut de l\u2019\u00e9levage (Idele): <a href=\"https:\/\/idele.fr\/detail-article\/replay-webinaire-bien-etre-et-elevage-des-veaux-les-nouveaux-enjeux\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"> https:\/\/idele.fr\/detail-article\/replay-webinaire-bien-etre-et-elevage-des-veaux-les-nouveaux-enjeux<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-305a7f34 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"305a7f34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e976b70 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"2e976b70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7811\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7811\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7811\"><p><a href=\"#1'\"><sup id=\"1\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Colostrum is the first milk ingested by the newborn after birth. It is very rich in proteins and antibodies, essential for the newborn&#8217;s immunity during its first days. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#2'\"><sup id=\"2\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> The abomasum, also called maw, is the true stomach of ruminants, which secretes gastric juices. The other compartments, and in particular the rumen, are pre-stomachs which allow microbial digestion and therefore the degradation of fodder. It is during this digestion that methane \u2013 which contributes to global warming \u2013 is produced.  <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#3'\"><sup id=\"3\">[3]<\/sup><\/a> Reinhardt, V., Reinhardt, A., 1981. Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (Bos indicus). Behaviour 77, 121\u2013150.  <\/p>\n<p>Whalin, L., Weary, D.M., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., 2021. Understanding Behavioural Development of Calves in Natural Settings to Inform Calf Management. Animals 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11082446   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#4'\"><sup id=\"4\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> Von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Weary, D.M., 2007. Maternal behavior in cattle. Hormones and Behavior 52, 106\u2013113.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.03.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.03.015<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Waiblinger, S., Wagner, K., Hillmann, E., Barth, K., 2020. Play and social behaviour of calves with or without access to their dam and other cows. Journal of Dairy Research 87, 144\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022029920000540   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#5'\"><sup id=\"5\">[5]<\/sup><\/a> Von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Weary, D.M., 2007. Maternal behavior in cattle. Hormones and Behavior 52, 106\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.03.015   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#6'\"><sup id=\"6\">[6]<\/sup><\/a> St\u011bhulov\u00e1, I., Lidfors, L., \u0160pinka, M., 2008. Response of dairy cows and calves to early separation: Effect of calf age and visual and auditory contact after separation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110, 144\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.028   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#7'\"><sup id=\"7\">[7]<\/sup><\/a> Le Cozler, Y., Recours\u00e9, O., Ganche, E., Giraud, D., Danel, J., Bertin, M., Brunschwig, P., 2012. A survey on dairy heifer farm management practices in a Western-European plainland, the French Pays de la Loire region.  J. Agric. Sci. 150, 518\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0021859612000032 <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#8'\"><sup id=\"8\">[8]<\/sup><\/a> Weary, D.M., Jasper, J., H\u00f6tzel, M.J., 2008. Understanding weaning distress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110, 24\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.025   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#8'\"><sup id=\"9\">[9]<\/sup><\/a> European Directive 2008\/119\/EC transposed into French law by the decrees of 20 January 1994 and 8 December 1997 (consolidated following the publication of the directive in 2008): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000020094940\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000020094940<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#10'\"><sup id=\"10\">[10]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.web-agri.fr\/vaches-allaitantes-pmtva\/article\/221459\/destination-des-veaux-laitiers-et-allaitants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.web-agri.fr\/vaches-allaitantes-pmtva\/article\/221459\/destination-des-veaux-laitiers-et-allaitants<\/a>. The rest of the male calves are exported or intended for breeding. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#11'\"><sup id=\"11\">[11]<\/sup><\/a> Placzek, M., Christoph-Schulz, I., Barth, K., 2021. Public attitude towards cow-calf separation and other common practices of calf rearing in dairy farming\u2014a review. Org. Agr. 11, 41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13165-020-00321-3     <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#12'\"><sup id=\"12\">[12]<\/sup><\/a> EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW), Nielsen, S.S., Alvarez, J., Bicout, D.J., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J.A., Garin\u2010Bastuji, B., Gonzales Rojas, J.L., Gortazar Schmidt, C., Herskin, M., Michel, V., Miranda Chueca, M.A., Padalino, B., Pasquali, P., Roberts, H.C., Spoolder, H., Stahl, K., Velarde, A., Viltrop, A., Jensen, M.B., Waiblinger, S., Candiani, D., Lima, E., Mosbach\u2010Schulz, O., Van der Stede, Y., Vitali, M., Winckler, C., 2023. Welfare of calves. EFS2 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7896   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#13'\"><sup id=\"13\">[13]<\/sup><\/a> Pomi\u00e8s, D., Constancis, C., Jurquet, J., Veissier, I., Caillat, H., Lagriffoul, G., Drouet, M., Fossaert, C., Le Cozler, Y., 2023. Devenir des jeunes ruminants laitiers\u202f: comment concilier \u00e9levage et attentes soci\u00e9tales. INRAE Prod.   Anim. 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/productions-animales.2023.36.1.7491 <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#14'\"><sup id=\"14\">[14]<\/sup><\/a> Sirovnik, J., Barth, K., De Oliveira, D., Ferneborg, S., Haskell, M.J., Hillmann, E., Jensen, M.B., Mejdell, C.M., Napolitano, F., Vaarst, M., Verwer, C.M., Waiblinger, S., Zipp, K.A., Johnsen, J.F., 2020. Methodological terminology and definitions for research and discussion of cow-calf contact systems. Journal of Dairy Research 87, 108\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022029920000564   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#15'\"><sup id=\"15\">[15]<\/sup><\/a> Waiblinger, S., Wagner, K., Hillmann, E., Barth, K., 2020. Play and social behaviour of calves with or without access to their dam and other cows. Journal of Dairy Research 87, 144\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022029920000540   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#16'\"><sup id=\"16\">[16]<\/sup> <\/a>Constancis, C., Ravinet, N., Bernard, M., Lehebel, A., Brisseau, N., Chartier, C., 2021. Rearing system with nurse cows and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in organic dairy calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 190, 105321.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105321<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Eriksson, H., Fall, N., Ivemeyer, S., Knierim, U., Simantke, C., Fuerst-Waltl, B., Winckler, C., Weissensteiner, R., Pomi\u00e8s, D., Martin, B., Michaud, A., Priolo, A., Caccamo, M., Sakowski, T., Stachelek, M., Spengler Neff, A., Bieber, A., Schneider, C., Alv\u00e5sen, K., 2022. Strategies for keeping dairy cows and calves together \u2013 a cross-sectional survey study. animal 16, 100624.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100624\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100624<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Vaarst, M., Hellec, F., Verwer, C.M., 2020. Cow calf contact in dairy herds viewed from the perspectives of calves, cows, humans and the farming system. Farmers\u2019 perceptions and experiences related to dam-rearing systems. Landbauforschung\u202f: journal of sustainable and organic agricultural systems 49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3220\/LBF1596195636000    <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#17'\"><sup id=\"17\">[17]<\/sup><\/a> Bouchon, M., Nicolao, A., Sturaro, E., Martin, B., Pomies, D., 2022. Allaitement maternel des veaux laitiers\u202f: quel compromis entre croissance des veaux, production laiti\u00e8re et bien-\u00eatre animal\u202f? Presented at the 26\u00e8me Rencontres autour des Recherches sur les Ruminants (3R 2022), Paris, France, p. pp 229-232.   <\/p>\n<p>Welk, A., Neave, H.W., Jensen, M.B., 2024. Invited review: The effect of weaning practices on dairy calf performance, behavior, and health \u2013 a systematic review.  Journal of Dairy Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2024-24521<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#17'\"><sup id=\"18\">[18]<\/sup><\/a> St\u011bhulov\u00e1, I., Lidfors, L., \u0160pinka, M., 2008. Response of dairy cows and calves to early separation: Effect of calf age and visual and auditory contact after separation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110, 144\u2013165.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.028<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Veissier, I., Car\u00e9, S., Pomi\u00e8s, D., 2013. Suckling, weaning, and the development of oral behaviours in dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 147, 11\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.05.002   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#17'\"><sup id=\"19\">[19]<\/sup><\/a> EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW) et al., 2023<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#20'\"><sup id=\"20\">[20]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/bretagne.chambres-agriculture.fr\/mes-productions\/elevage\/bovins-lait\/conduite-sante-repro-bien-etre\/les-vaches-nourrices\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/bretagne.chambres-agriculture.fr\/mes-productions\/elevage\/bovins-lait\/conduite-sante-repro-bien-etre\/les-vaches-nourrices\/<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phylum.fr\/blog\/la-pratique-de-lelevage-des-veaux-laitiers-sous-vaches-nourrices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.phylum.fr\/blog\/la-pratique-de-lelevage-des-veaux-laitiers-sous-vaches-nourrices<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b95d44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b95d44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ffba563 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ffba563\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-412ff6e elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"412ff6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/24-05-Calves-are-separated-from-their-mothers-at-birth.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70c77356 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70c77356\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3afa5921 elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"3afa5921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-heart\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The mother-calf bond is essential for the development of the calf's immune system, its nutrition and the development of its social behavior<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2cow\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">In dairy farms, the calf is generally separated from its mother within 24 hours, whereas in suckler farms, the calf is left with its mother until weaning<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-thumbs-up\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">However, new practices are being developed to improve the welfare of dairy calves: calves raised by nurse cows, calves left with their mothers for longer, etc.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40aa45ee elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"40aa45ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21b4b953 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21b4b953\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75754734 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75754734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">24h<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a5bbb71 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a5bbb71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>after birth: this is the <strong>average time before separation<\/strong> for a dairy cow and her calf<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-139aefb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"139aefb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7004548d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7004548d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ab33000 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4ab33000\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c12b0f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c12b0f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c6052c elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"63c6052c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26725 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-attentes-societales-en tag-eleveurs-en tag-reglementation-en tag-relation-humain-animal-en themes-farm-animals themes-one-welfare-en especes-cows especes-pigs media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/animal-welfare-improvement-is-always-a-constraint-for-breeders-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-26947\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/animal-welfare-improvement-is-always-a-constraint-for-breeders-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tAnimal welfare improvement is always a constraint for breeders, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-17726 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-animaux-delevage tag-bovins-en tag-eleveurs-en tag-farm-animals tag-ruminants-en tag-sensibility themes-farm-animals especes-cows media-infographics-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/species-sheet-all-about-dairy-cows\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-18108\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/species-sheet-all-about-dairy-cows\/\">\n\t\t\t\tSpecies sheet \u2013 All about dairy cows!\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-10368 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-pets themes-pets especes-cats media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/cats-can-drink-cows-milk-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Illustration_sans_titre-14-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-10606\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Illustration_sans_titre-14-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Illustration_sans_titre-14-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Illustration_sans_titre-14-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Illustration_sans_titre-14-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Illustration_sans_titre-14.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Pets<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/cats-can-drink-cows-milk-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tCats can drink cow&#8217;s milk, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-10124 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-animaux-delevage-en tag-bovins-en tag-farm-animals tag-ruminants-en themes-farm-animals especes-cows media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/dairy-cows-spontaneously-produce-milk-all-year-round-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-10098\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/dairy-cows-spontaneously-produce-milk-all-year-round-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tDairy cows spontaneously produce milk all year round, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do you think all calves are separated from their mothers as soon as they are born? Find out in this article!  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":25331,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[],"themes":[282,283],"especes":[296],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-33834","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","themes-farm-animals","themes-farming-101","especes-cows","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33834","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33834"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33834\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35650,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33834\/revisions\/35650"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25331"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33834"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33834"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33834"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=33834"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=33834"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=33834"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}