{"id":28766,"date":"2024-02-02T13:01:38","date_gmt":"2024-02-02T12:01:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2024-09-27T10:37:43","modified_gmt":"2024-09-27T08:37:43","slug":"farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-true-or-false","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-true-or-false\/","title":{"rendered":"Farm animals are given feed containing antibiotics: TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"28766\" class=\"elementor elementor-28766 elementor-22502\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2530b439 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2530b439\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-248e16db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"248e16db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d5fe77c elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d5fe77c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-111035ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"111035ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c47b5cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c47b5cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6e854c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6e854c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f833036 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f833036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Couverture-antibios_ENG-1.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b328fe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"1b328fe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">FALSE<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antibiotics are strictly forbidden in animal feed as growth promoters in the European Union. In very rare cases, after diagnosis and prescription by a veterinarian, and to facilitate administration to a group of animals, feed containing antibiotics may be used for medical purposes.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13af9792 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13af9792\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dae09ba elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"dae09ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/24-02-Farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-TRUE-or-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download PDF format<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e87cc14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e87cc14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77b34be elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"77b34be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bacteria\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Bacteria are everywhere<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-briefcase-medical\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Antibiotics are essential for combating certain infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and for maintaining the health and welfare of animals.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dna\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Some bacteria develop resistance to one or more antibiotics.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-exclamation-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem, causing many people to die every year.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Antibiotics must therefore be used rationally (in veterinary and human medicine) to limit the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-chart-bar\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Antibiotic use in farm animals has fallen sharply since 2011, both in general and in feed. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c451d9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7c451d9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a706b31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a706b31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Basics: bacteria, antibiotics, human and veterinary medicine<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22e48deb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22e48deb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different kinds of infectious agents cause disease and infection in humans and animals. These can be parasites, fungi, viruses or bacteria.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25d9c0e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"25d9c0e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45ead02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45ead02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bacteria?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ce044 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8ce044\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria are <strong>single-celled organisms found everywhere in the environment.<\/strong>\u00a0They represent around <strong>13%<\/strong> of total biomass, while animals account for only <strong>0.5%<\/strong><a id=\"1'\"><\/a><a href=\"#1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In humans, as in animals, they form an <strong>important part of the microbiota<\/strong> and are found not only in the digestive tract, but also on skin, in the eyes and in various cavities (nose, ear, vagina, etc.).<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under normal circumstances, the <strong>bacteria in the microbiota are not pathogenic<\/strong> and do not cause disease. However, if the immune system is <strong>weakened<\/strong> or if the microbiota is <strong>unbalanced<\/strong>, notably through misuse of antibiotics, certain bacteria in the microbiota can act as <strong>pathogens.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65e6d926 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65e6d926\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-509240f1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"509240f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e66c1de elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e66c1de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f434344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"5f434344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Every individual, human or animal, has his or her own microbiota, which gradually builds up from birth. This microbiota plays a decisive role in an individual's state of health. The intestinal microbiota, for example, is involved in digestion and the functioning of the immune system. The microbiota is made up of bacteria, but also of other microorganisms such as viruses.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3a3c50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3a3c50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other bacteria are <strong>not normally present in the body <\/strong> and have greater pathogenic power. Under certain conditions, they can <strong>cause infectious disease<\/strong> when they develop in humans or animals.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain pathogenic bacteria can be <strong>transmitted from animals to humans<\/strong> (or vice-versa) and cause <em><strong>zoonoses<\/strong><\/em>, i.e. infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans through <strong>direct or indirect<\/strong> contact. Well-known zoonoses include <strong> tuberculosis<\/strong><a id=\"2'\"><\/a><a href=\"#2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup>,<\/a><a href=\"#2\">and <strong>salmonellosis<\/strong><\/a><a id=\"3'\"><\/a><a href=\"#3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#3\">.<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e687ed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e687ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e09a8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e09a8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Bacteries-partout-V2_ENG.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6259c03e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6259c03e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bcbfdaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5bcbfdaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antibiotics?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4be52ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4be52ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Antibiotics are substances with the power to inhibit or even eliminate the growth of bacteria.<\/strong> They can be produced by microorganisms or through chemical synthesis.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics are used in human and veterinary medicine to <strong>treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria<\/strong>, after the appearance of clinical signs. However, <strong>antibiotics are not effective <\/strong> against infectious diseases caused by microorganisms other than bacteria (such as <strong>viruses<\/strong> or single-cell eukaryotic<a id=\"4'\"><\/a><a href=\"#4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> parasites).<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They can be <strong>administered to infected individuals, or those at risk of becoming infected <\/strong> but not yet ill, to prevent the spread or aggravation of the disease in other individuals. This is known as &#8220;<em><strong>prophylaxis<\/strong><\/em>&#8221; \u2013 which refers to the <strong>preventive use<\/strong> of a drug before the onset of the clinical symptoms of a disease with the aim of preventing its outbreak \u2013 or &#8220;<em><strong>metaphylaxis<\/strong><\/em>&#8221; \u2013 which is a <strong>mix of curative<\/strong> treatment for clinically ill individuals and preventive treatment to stop the spread of the disease to individuals in close contact with sick individuals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e69f273 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e69f273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0376fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b0376fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Prophylaxie-V5_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Prophylaxie-V5_ENG.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24792cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24792cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Properly used<\/strong>, antibiotics keep people and animals <strong>healthy<\/strong>. What&#8217;s more, the toxicity of antibiotics is relatively <strong>low<\/strong>, which explains why they have been so widely used since their discovery \u2013 the so-called &#8220;<strong>antibiotic miracle<\/strong>&#8220;.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ef927 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8ef927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f9ec44 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9f9ec44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bc124 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"71bc124\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecb4f47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"ecb4f47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antibiotics were first \"discovered\" in 1877 by Pasteur and in 1897 by French physician Ernest Duschene. However, it is Alexander Fleming, an English biochemist, who is regarded as the father of antibiotics with his accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a84348 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a84348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is important to remember, however, that antibiotics <strong>are not the only treatments available<\/strong> to combat infectious diseases. <strong>Vaccination and preventive measures<\/strong>, such as <em><strong>biosecurity<\/strong><\/em> measures<a id=\"5'\"><\/a><a href=\"#5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>for example, are <strong>highly effective<\/strong> and <em>ultimately<\/em> reduce the use of antibiotics while <strong>improving animal health and welfare<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce887b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ce887b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aa8529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6aa8529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-debcf5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"debcf5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria have a very <strong>high rate<\/strong> <strong>of random genetic mutation<\/strong> (and they reproduce very rapidly, which further favors the appearance of mutations). Certain mutations can develop <strong>defense mechanisms<\/strong> in bacteria, enabling them to <em><strong>resist<\/strong><\/em> antibiotics. Moreover, bacteria are <strong>constantly exchanging<\/strong> genetic material with one another, and can therefore transfer genetic material that supports resistance, <strong> spreading it<\/strong> rapidly. This is known as <strong>antibiotic resistance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6acca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a6acca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e63cbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e63cbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>\ud83d\udccc <strong>For more information <\/strong> <\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historically, these resistant bacteria have been <strong> rare.<\/strong> However, when antibiotics are used in human or veterinary medicine, non-resistant bacteria are eliminated, <strong>leaving only resistant bacteria to survive (and develop) and then enjoy &#8220;more room&#8221;. .<\/strong> <strong>Incorrect use<\/strong> of antibiotics (wrong prescription, treatments that are too short or too long, or inappropriate dosages) encourages this mechanism<a id=\"6'\"><\/a><a href=\"#6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#6\">.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8933667 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8933667\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02ba897 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"02ba897\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Antibioresistance_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Antibioresistance_ENG.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63cbd4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63cbd4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This mechanism of antibiotic resistance can <strong>occur with an individual\u2019s own bacteria.<\/strong> What&#8217;s more, humans and animals release some of the antibiotics they have absorbed, through <strong>feces or wastewater<\/strong>, which can then foster the appearance of <strong>resistant bacteria in the environment<\/strong><a id=\"7'\"><\/a><sup><a href=\"#7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"#8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>. Also, some environments \u2013 <strong>such as hospitals<\/strong> \u2013 have a very high antibiotic pressure, which eliminates non-resistant bacteria and favors resistant bacteria. <strong>These days, antibiotics are everywhere<\/strong>, amplifying the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These resistant bacteria can then <strong>spread through direct contact <\/strong> (between humans, between animals or between animals and humans) or <strong>indirect<\/strong> contact (discharge of resistant bacteria in wastewater, for example, or through animal feces, which can contaminate food). As a result, <strong>resistant bacteria can be found in waterways downstream of towns and farms, and even in groundwater<\/strong><a id=\"9'\"><\/a><a href=\"#9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#9\">.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7027e3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7027e3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b77b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c8b77b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Environnement-et-antibios_ENG.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Environnement-et-antibios_ENG.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-944f7ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"944f7ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotic resistance renders ineffective some or even most of the antibiotics needed to treat certain infections in human medicine. An estimated <strong>5,500 people die every year because of antibiotic resistance in France<\/strong><a id=\"10'\"><\/a><a href=\"#10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#10\">.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotic resistance is therefore considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be one of the major global threats to public health. The WHO has published a list of bacteria against which new antibiotics are urgently needed, in order to treat them and counter resistance<a id=\"11'\"><\/a><a href=\"#11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#11\">.<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1be4ae73 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1be4ae73\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21af22c2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21af22c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4058826b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4058826b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-en-resume.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5998\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2703e74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"2703e74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">In brief <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Appropriate, limited use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine is essential to prevent the emergence or development of resistant bacteria.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39216697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"39216697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dbeb369 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1dbeb369\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proper use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1e4401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1e4401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics are necessary to combat certain bacterial infections that can be common in farm animals, and can lead to a significant deterioration in their health and thus their welfare, or even to their death. However, to limit the emergence of resistant bacteria, <strong>the use of antibiotics is regulated in veterinary medicine.<\/strong> Indeed, only a veterinarian can prescribe a veterinary antibiotic, and good practices are recommended in the decree of July 22, 2015<a id=\"12'\"><\/a><a href=\"#12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In animals, antibiotics can be administered by injection (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intramammary), or orally (as tablets or in feed or drinking water).<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Historically, antibiotics have also been used in production animals as growth promoters. <\/strong>. . Incorporated into feed at low doses and then distributed in the form of <strong>medicated feed<\/strong>, they modified the intestinal microbiota and led to better assimilation of feed, resulting in improved animal performance (growth, for instance). They were then used for economic purposes, rather than to preserve animal health.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f7d611 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f7d611\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2df8c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d2df8c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Utilisation-antibios_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Utilisation-antibios_ENG.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1cf2a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d1cf2a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1343cd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1343cd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d7587 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d7587\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Since 2006<\/strong>, European regulation no. 1831\/2003<a id=\"13'\"><\/a><a href=\"#13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>prohibits the use of antibiotic additives as growth promoters in animal feed.<\/strong> Animals are therefore <strong>not fed medicated feed containing antibiotics<\/strong>. <strong>Since<\/strong> <strong>January 2022<\/strong>, European regulation 2019\/4<a id=\"14'\"><\/a><a href=\"#14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a> <strong>also prohibits the import of animal products or animals that received<\/strong> <strong> medicated feed.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When animals are ill, however, the use of feed containing antibiotics may be authorized to facilitate their administration to a group of animals, but this is subject to strict controls. This can only be done for medical, prophylactic or metaphylactic purposes, following a diagnosis and a benefit-risk analysis carried out by a veterinarian, and not on a systematic basis, nor as growth promoters.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-638fa6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"638fa6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-310b3e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"310b3e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The use of certain critically important antibiotics<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf694e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf694e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain <strong>antibiotics are considered to be of critical importance<\/strong><a id=\"15'\"><\/a><a href=\"#15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> in human medicine. In fact, they are the only treatments available for certain serious human diseases. They are therefore reserved for human medicine in order to limit their use and limit the risk of antibiotic resistance developing. . Their conditions of use are regulated by decree no. 2016-317<a id=\"16'\"><\/a><sup>[<a href=\"#16\">16]<\/a><\/sup> . In animals, they cannot be used preventively and may only be prescribed after a veterinary diagnosis followed by an antibiogram<a id=\"17'\"><\/a><a href=\"#17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a> in a curative or metaphylactic context.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a78979 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4a78979\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a80b763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a80b763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Withdrawal period after antibiotic use in livestock<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364242f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"364242f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When an animal is treated with antibiotics, there is a <strong>regulatory waiting time<\/strong><a id=\"18'\"><\/a><a href=\"#18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a> before any product (milk or meat from cattle, for example) can be marketed. In fact, the presence of antibiotics in a food product may present a toxicological or allergic risk for the consumer, or prevent the product from being properly processed (e.g. cheese) or even encourage the emergence of antibiotic resistance. This withdrawal time is determined for each drug so that the level of active substances from the drug is sufficiently low in the food to be considered harmless for consumers<a id=\"19'\"><\/a><a href=\"#19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to this mandatory waiting time, antibiotic residue checks are carried out very regularly in slaughterhouses to avoid their inadvertent presence in animal products intended for human consumption<a id=\"20'\"><\/a><a href=\"#20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>. <strong>In fact, the risk of antibiotic residues being present in food destined for human consumption is virtually non-existent.<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32a9feb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32a9feb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7894e8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7894e8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Antiobios-resume_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Antiobios r\u00e9sum\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjg4MjQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvQW50aW9iaW9zLXJlc3VtZV9FTkcucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"216\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Antiobios-resume_ENG-1280x345.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-28824\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Antiobios-resume_ENG-1280x345.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Antiobios-resume_ENG-500x135.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Antiobios-resume_ENG-768x207.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Antiobios-resume_ENG-1536x414.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Antiobios-resume_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66825835 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"66825835\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ebdb8f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ebdb8f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The evolution of antibiotic use in animals<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28e35c6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28e35c6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trends in overall antibiotic use<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64af7ca0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64af7ca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To limit the risk of antibiotic resistance and promote good practices, the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sovereignty has, since 2011, set up <strong> three successive national plans<\/strong>, the Ecoantibio 1 (2012-2017), Ecoantibio 2 (2017-2022) and finally Ecoantibio 3 (2023-2028) plans aimed at <strong> limiting the use of antibiotics in livestock farming.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ecoantibio 1 plan called for a 25% reduction in the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine (50% for critically important antibiotics)<a id=\"21'\"><\/a><a href=\"#21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a>. The Ecoantibio 2 plan did not include a quantified overall reduction target<a id=\"22'\"><\/a><a href=\"#22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a>However, it did set a reduction target for Colistin, a critically important antibiotic, and aimed to consolidate the results obtained<a id=\"23'\"><\/a><a href=\"#23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to data published by ANSES<a id=\"24'\"><\/a><a href=\"#24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>, entre 2011 et 2022, de diminuer en France l\u2019exposition des animaux aux antibiotiquesthe involvement of the various stakeholders (veterinarians, farmers, pharmacists, scientists, public authorities), <strong>between 2011 and 2022, has made it possible to reduce the exposure of animals to antibiotics<\/strong><a id=\"25'\"><\/a><a href=\"#25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a><strong> in France by 52%, and antibiotics of critical importance to human health by 90%<\/strong><a id=\"26'\"><\/a><a href=\"#26\"><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/a><strong>. <\/strong> <\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>This decrease has affected all livestock species, with antibiotic exposure falling by 72% for poultry, 67% for pigs, 64% for rabbits and 23% for cattle since 2011. <\/strong>This reduction is less marked for companion animals (3% for dogs and cats)<a id=\"27'\"><\/a><a href=\"#27\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a>. The aim of the Ecoantibio 3 plan is therefore to maintain low levels of exposure for farm animals and to reduce the level of exposure for pets by 15%.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ed439a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ed439a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98f73d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"98f73d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-de-lexposition-aux-antibio_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Evolution de l&#039;exposition aux antibio_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjg4MjYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRXZvbHV0aW9uLWRlLWxleHBvc2l0aW9uLWF1eC1hbnRpYmlvX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-de-lexposition-aux-antibio_ENG-1280x747.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-28826\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-de-lexposition-aux-antibio_ENG-1280x747.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-de-lexposition-aux-antibio_ENG-500x292.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-de-lexposition-aux-antibio_ENG-768x448.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-de-lexposition-aux-antibio_ENG-1536x896.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-de-lexposition-aux-antibio_ENG-2048x1195.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5c0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f5c0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total antibiotics sold in animal health will be 70% lower in 2022 than in 2011 \u2013 the reference year of the first Ecoantibio plan \u2013 and critically important antibiotics will account for only 0.3% of total<a id=\"28'\"><\/a><a href=\"#28\"><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68ad09b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"68ad09b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d28a74e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d28a74e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Evolution of antibiotics in animal feed<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7868f623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7868f623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Changes in European regulations have led to a <strong>drastic reduction, or even elimination, in the use of antibiotics in animal feed.<\/strong> Antibiotics sold in medicated feed in France have fallen from around 400 tons in 2011 to 21 tons in 2022, a 95% reduction. This decrease is particularly sharp for 2021 and 2022<a id=\"29'\"><\/a><a href=\"#29\"><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2022, of the 21 tons of antibiotics still sold via feed, 32% will be used for pigs, 23% for sheep, 16% for rabbits and 15% for poultry. According to data published by ANSES, this corresponds to just over 56,000 tons of animals<a id=\"30'\"><\/a><a href=\"#30\"><sup>[30]<\/sup><\/a> treated with medicated feed, i.e. less than 1% of all meat consumed by the French population<a id=\"31'\"><\/a><a href=\"#31\"><sup>[31]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This reduction in the use of antibiotics in medicated feeds has not been offset by increased use of antibiotics in other forms, as can be seen in the graph below.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61ceb5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61ceb5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f5274b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3f5274b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-tonnage_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Evolution tonnage_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjg4MzEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRXZvbHV0aW9uLXRvbm5hZ2VfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"302\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-tonnage_ENG-1280x483.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-28831\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-tonnage_ENG-1280x483.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-tonnage_ENG-500x189.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-tonnage_ENG-768x290.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-tonnage_ENG-1536x579.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Evolution-tonnage_ENG-2048x772.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eebc3c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eebc3c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Farm animals cannot be fed antibiotics since 2006. A veterinarian may sometimes prescribe antibiotics in feed, to facilitate distribution to animals, but only in a medical context and following a diagnosis. The use of antibiotics in animal health has fallen sharply since 2011. However, efforts still need to be maintained, particularly for companion animals, but also in human medicine. Indeed, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance concerns everyone, and a &#8220;one health&#8221; approach involving veterinarians, doctors and ecologists is absolutely essential to preserve human health, animal health and the health of ecosystems. <\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17489455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"17489455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-484b1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"484b1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In short<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20eed501 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"20eed501\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustration fin r\u00e9sum\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjg4NDIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWZpbi1yZXN1bWVfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3334\" height=\"3334\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-28842\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png 3334w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3334px) 100vw, 3334px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25d2c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a25d2c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-126c6d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"126c6d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">For further information <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f91127b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f91127b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Check out this video produced by <strong>La Semaine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire<\/strong>, which looks at the use of antibiotics in veterinary practice <strong>for pets:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1031a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"e1031a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=xA3hgE8LCeY&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50c0861c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"50c0861c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49b5b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49b5b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thanks to <strong>Roman Mounier<\/strong>, intensive care physician, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, <strong>Raphael Guatteo<\/strong>, teacher-researcher in bovine health management at Oniris and <strong>Bertrand Ridremont<\/strong>, veterinary surgeon, consultant in animal health and nutrition, for their careful proofreading of the text. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51b1b8e7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"51b1b8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50141aac elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"50141aac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1341\"><p><a href=\"#1'\"><sup id=\"1\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/planet-vie.ens.fr\/thematiques\/ecologie\/relations-trophiques\/la-repartition-de-la-biomasse-sur-terre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/planet-vie.ens.fr\/thematiques\/ecologie\/relations-trophiques\/la-repartition-de-la-biomasse-sur-terre<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#2'\"><sup id=\"2\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/telecharger\/118950\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/telecharger\/118950<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#3'\"><sup id=\"3\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/telecharger\/118929\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/telecharger\/118929<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#4'\"><sup id=\"4\">[4]<\/sup><\/a>Micro-organisms consisting of a single cell with a nucleus.<\/p><p><a href=\"#5'\"><sup id=\"5\">[5]<\/sup><\/a>Set of protective measures to prevent the introduction of pathogens, their dispersion within the farm and their spread outside the farm. One measure, for example, might be not to bring in animals from outside the farm, or to test their health status before bringing them in.<\/p><p><a href=\"#6'\"><sup id=\"6\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inserm.fr\/dossier\/resistance-antibiotiques\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.inserm.fr\/dossier\/resistance-antibiotiques\/<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#7'\"><sup id=\"7\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/sante.gouv.fr\/prevention-en-sante\/les-antibiotiques-des-medicaments-essentiels-a-preserver\/des-antibiotiques-a-l-antibioresistance\/article\/une-seule-sante-l-antibioresistance-concerne-les-hommes-mais-aussi-les-animaux\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/sante.gouv.fr\/prevention-en-sante\/les-antibiotiques-des-medicaments-essentiels-a-preserver\/des-antibiotiques-a-l-antibioresistance\/article\/une-seule-sante-l-antibioresistance-concerne-les-hommes-mais-aussi-les-animaux<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#7'\"><sup id=\"8\">[*8]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/sciences\/article\/2018\/12\/10\/les-usines-d-antibiotiques-indiennes-sont-des-fabriques-d-antibioresistance_5395476_1650684.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/sciences\/article\/2018\/12\/10\/les-usines-d-antibiotiques-indiennes-sont-des-fabriques-d-antibioresistance_5395476_1650684.html<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#9'\"><sup id=\"9\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inserm.fr\/dossier\/resistance-antibiotiques\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.inserm.fr\/dossier\/resistance-antibiotiques\/<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#10'\"><sup id=\"10\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/sante.gouv.fr\/prevention-en-sante\/les-antibiotiques-des-medicaments-essentiels-a-preserver\/des-antibiotiques-a-l-antibioresistance\/article\/l-antibioresistance-pourquoi-est-ce-si-grave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/sante.gouv.fr\/prevention-en-sante\/les-antibiotiques-des-medicaments-essentiels-a-preserver\/des-antibiotiques-a-l-antibioresistance\/article\/l-antibioresistance-pourquoi-est-ce-si-grave<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#11'\"><sup id=\"11\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/fr\/news\/item\/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/fr\/news\/item\/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#12'\"><sup id=\"12\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000031142007\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000031142007\/<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#13'\"><sup id=\"13\">[13]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/LSU\/?uri=CELEX:32003R1831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/LSU\/?uri=CELEX:32003R1831<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#14'\"><sup id=\"14\">[14]<\/sup> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32019R0004&amp;from=FR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32019R0004&amp;from=FR<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#15'\"><sup id=\"15\">[15]<\/sup> <\/a>According to the WHO (2003) definition, &#8220;A critically important antibiotic is defined as an antibiotic belonging to a family of antibiotics that is the only treatment or one of the only treatments available to treat a serious human disease or an intestinal pathogenic bacterium causing a food-borne disease&#8221;.<\/p><p><a href=\"#16'\"><sup id=\"16\">[16]<\/sup><\/a> Laboratory test to check the sensitivity of the bacteria present to different antibiotics, in order to determine which antibiotic to use.<\/p><p><a href=\"#17'\"><sup id=\"17\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000032251629\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000032251629\/<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#18'\"><sup id=\"18\">[18]<\/sup> <\/a>Time between last administration of veterinary medicinal product and collection of food<\/p><p><a href=\"#19'\"><sup id=\"19\">[19]<\/sup> <\/a>Among other things, the waiting time is calculated according to the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL).<\/p><p>The MRL of an active substance is the maximum level of that substance (and in some cases its metabolites) that can be accepted as legally permitted in or on food of animal origin. These values differ, for the same active substance, according to the animal species or tissue concerned (meat, fat and skin, liver, kidney, milk, eggs, honey). Maximum residue limits are set by a decision of the <strong>European Commission<\/strong> based on a scientific opinion issued by the European Medicines Agency.<\/p><p><a href=\"#20'\"><sup id=\"20\">[20]<\/sup><\/a> Analysis of 31700 slaughterhouse samples in 2021: <a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/plans-de-surveillance-et-de-controle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/plans-de-surveillance-et-de-controle<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#21'\"><sup id=\"21\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/plan-ecoantibio-2012-2017-lutte-contre-lantibioresistance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/plan-ecoantibio-2012-2017-lutte-contre-lantibioresistance<\/a><\/p><p><sup id=\"22\"><a href=\"#22'\">[22]<\/a> <\/sup>There was, however, a target for Colistin, with a 50% reduction in exposure in the beef, pork and poultry sectors.<\/p><p><a href=\"#23'\"><sup id=\"23\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/le-plan-ecoantibio-2-2017-2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/le-plan-ecoantibio-2-2017-2021<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#24'\"><sup id=\"24\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/content\/bilan-antibioresistance-vente-antibiotiques-veterinaire-2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/content\/bilan-antibioresistance-vente-antibiotiques-veterinaire-2023<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#25'\"><sup id=\"25\">[25]<\/sup> <\/a>animal exposure to antibiotics is estimated by taking into account the recommended dosage for each drug, as well as the population of each animal species in France<\/p><p><a href=\"#26'\"><sup id=\"26\">[26]<\/sup><\/a> By way of comparison, antibiotic consumption in human medicine, following the 1st national alert plan on antibiotic use, fell by just 28% between 2000 and 2019, from 194 million boxes to 139 million boxes.<\/p><p><a href=\"#27'\"><sup id=\"27\">[27]<\/sup> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/infographie-ecoantibio-reduire-lutilisation-des-antibiotiques-veterinaires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/infographie-ecoantibio-reduire-lutilisation-des-antibiotiques-veterinaires<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#28'\"><sup id=\"28\">[28]<\/sup> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/system\/files\/ANMV-Ra-Antibiotiques2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/system\/files\/ANMV-Ra-Antibiotiques2022.pdf<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#29'\"><sup id=\"29\">[29]<\/sup> <\/a>Reduction in tonnage from 98 tonnes in 2021 to 21 tonnes in 2022, i.e. a reduction of 82%.<\/p><p><a href=\"#30'\"><sup id=\"30\">[30]<\/sup> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/system\/files\/ANMV-Ra-Antibiotiques2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/system\/files\/ANMV-Ra-Antibiotiques2022.pdf<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#31'\"><sup id=\"31\">[31]<\/sup> <\/a>5.7 million tonnes of meat were consumed in France in 2022<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d8f80ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d8f80ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f9c789 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76f9c789\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e75ac2 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5e75ac2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/24-02-Farm-animals-are-given-feed-containing-antibiotics-TRUE-or-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download PDF format<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f8e6165 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f8e6165\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e6f0f25 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"2e6f0f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bacteria\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Bacteria are everywhere.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-briefcase-medical\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Antibiotics are essential for combating certain infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and for maintaining the health and welfare of animals.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dna\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Some bacteria develop resistance to one or more antibiotics.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-exclamation-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem, causing many people to die every year.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Antibiotics must therefore be used rationally (in veterinary and human medicine) to limit the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-chart-bar\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Antibiotic use in farm animals has fallen sharply since 2011, both in general and in feed. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d57009a elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1d57009a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a7452d8 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a7452d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-617058c7 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"617058c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">-52%<\/span>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fe67f48 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5fe67f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is the <strong>percentage reduction in the overall use of antibiotics<\/strong> for farm animals <strong>since 2011.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-128b9730 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"128b9730\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-171c8fda e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"171c8fda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d59d17b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6d59d17b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3a95a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b3a95a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68c8456 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"68c8456\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26559 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 themes-one-welfare-en especes-cows media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/it-takes-15000-liters-of-water-to-produce-1-kg-of-beef-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-26561\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/it-takes-15000-liters-of-water-to-produce-1-kg-of-beef-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tIt takes 15000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of beef: TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26276 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-pets especes-horses media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-9630\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tA horse in the pasture is a happy horse: TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-28565 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-attentes-societales-en tag-definitions-en themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/the-share-of-people-on-meat-free-diets-is-growing-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/VF-600x360.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4516\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/VF-600x360.png 600w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/VF-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/VF.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">One welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/the-share-of-people-on-meat-free-diets-is-growing-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tThe share of people on meat-free diets is growing, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12309 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cows_in_the_meadow-scaled-e1668089609849.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4124\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">One welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tHedgerows are essential for the welfare of free-range animals, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It&#8217;s often thought that farm animals are fed with feed containing antibiotics, to promote their growth. We tell you more!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":28776,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[],"themes":[282,283,284],"especes":[],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-28766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","themes-farm-animals","themes-farming-101","themes-one-welfare-en","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28766"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28766\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31146,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28766\/revisions\/31146"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28766"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=28766"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=28766"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=28766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}