{"id":26559,"date":"2023-11-10T17:14:21","date_gmt":"2023-11-10T16:14:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/it-takes-15000-liters-of-water-to-produce-1-kg-of-beef-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2024-09-06T11:18:25","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T09:18:25","slug":"it-takes-15000-liters-of-water-to-produce-1-kg-of-beef-true-or-false","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/it-takes-15000-liters-of-water-to-produce-1-kg-of-beef-true-or-false\/","title":{"rendered":"It takes 15000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of beef: TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"26559\" class=\"elementor elementor-26559 elementor-15534\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1251b991 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1251b991\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b28d33a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b28d33a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a05cc2b elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a05cc2b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55831173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"55831173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-26561\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bac3f45 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1bac3f45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bbaf86c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3bbaf86c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f24805e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6f24805e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-26561\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Couverture-eau_ENG-02.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-793921cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"793921cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">TRUE... AND FALSE!<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>It all depends on environmental conditions, animal feed and, above all, the water being counted and the method of calculation! So this is not simple... Depending on the calculation method, the figures given can vary from around 20 liters to 15,000 liters of water for 1 kg of beef.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50a88eee elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50a88eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56c1b652 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56c1b652\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6571fe3 elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"6571fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Layer_1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g>\t<g>\t\t<path d=\"M264.181,76.909c-93.646,0-169.561,75.915-169.561,169.561s75.915,169.561,169.561,169.561   s169.561-75.915,169.561-169.561S357.827,76.909,264.181,76.909z M264.18,375.129c-70.942,0-128.658-57.716-128.658-128.658   s57.716-128.658,128.658-128.658s128.658,57.716,128.658,128.658S335.123,375.129,264.18,375.129z\"><\/path>\t<\/g><\/g><g>\t<g>\t\t<path d=\"M264.18,152.299c-51.926,0-94.171,42.245-94.171,94.171c0,51.926,42.245,94.171,94.171,94.171   c51.926,0,94.171-42.245,94.171-94.171S316.107,152.299,264.18,152.299z\"><\/path>\t<\/g><\/g><g>\t<g>\t\t<path d=\"M501.315,260.687V54.64c0-1.988-1.269-3.755-3.155-4.39c-1.884-0.634-3.963,0.007-5.166,1.591   c-25.708,33.903-39.622,75.283-39.622,117.83v75.378c0,8.645,7.008,15.654,15.654,15.654h6.526   c-6.433,66.443-10.684,159.37-10.684,170.251c0,17.142,10.551,31.038,23.566,31.038c13.015,0,23.566-13.897,23.566-31.038   C512,420.072,507.749,327.13,501.315,260.687z\"><\/path>\t<\/g><\/g><g>\t<g>\t\t<path d=\"M68.417,219.843c13.042-7.9,21.759-22.224,21.759-38.586l-6.46-105.621c-0.247-4.026-3.584-7.165-7.618-7.165   c-4.363,0-7.839,3.655-7.622,8.01l4.201,84.709c0,4.762-3.861,8.621-8.621,8.621c-4.761,0-8.621-3.861-8.621-8.621l-2.099-84.674   c-0.111-4.475-3.77-8.044-8.247-8.044c-4.477,0-8.135,3.57-8.247,8.044l-2.099,84.674c0,4.762-3.861,8.621-8.621,8.621   c-4.761,0-8.621-3.861-8.621-8.621l4.201-84.709c0.216-4.357-3.262-8.01-7.622-8.01c-4.034,0-7.371,3.139-7.617,7.165L0,181.258   c0,16.362,8.716,30.685,21.759,38.586c8.488,5.141,13.22,14.753,12.126,24.617c-7.363,66.358-12.363,174.693-12.363,186.494   c0,17.142,10.551,31.038,23.566,31.038c13.015,0,23.566-13.897,23.566-31.038c0-11.801-5.001-120.136-12.363-186.494   C55.196,234.602,59.933,224.982,68.417,219.843z\"><\/path>\t<\/g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">In view of the global shortage of freshwater and because agriculture is the biggest consumer, it is important to reduce water use in food production.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chart-line\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Estimates of water used for producing 1kg of beef vary enormously depending on the calculation method used.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2cow\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The \"water footprint\" method estimates 15,000L of water used per kg of beef, but does not take sufficient account of the natural water cycle.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-drop\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The \"consumptive water footprint\" method estimates between 302 and 1337L of water used per kg of beef. This method seems more relevant in the case of France, where the majority of cattle graze.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Capa_1\" height=\"512\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" width=\"512\"><g><path d=\"m227.2 159.298c5.86 5.86 15.35 5.86 21.21 0l59.94-59.94 86.98 86.99h-16.32c-8.28 0-15 6.71-15 15 0 8.28 6.72 15 15 15h52.54c8.101 0 14.99-6.636 14.99-15v-52.541c0-8.28-6.71-15-15-15-8.28 0-15 6.72-15 15v16.32l-97.59-97.59c-5.85-5.85-15.35-5.85-21.21 0-51.711 51.724-37.441 37.451-59.93 59.94l-123.09-123.089c-5.86-5.85-15.36-5.85-21.21 0-5.86 5.86-5.86 15.36 0 21.22z\"><\/path><path d=\"m125.62 142.6c0-7.77-6.3-14.08-14.09-14.08h-57.31c-7.79 0-14.1 6.31-14.1 14.08v309.4h85.5z\"><\/path><path d=\"m227.03 316.15h-57.31c-7.79 0-14.1 6.31-14.1 14.09v121.76h85.5v-121.76c0-7.78-6.3-14.09-14.09-14.09z\"><\/path><path d=\"m285.22 247.19c-7.79 0-14.1 6.31-14.1 14.08v190.73h85.5v-190.73c0-7.77-6.3-14.08-14.09-14.08z\"><\/path><path d=\"m400.27 387.17c-7.69.1-13.89 6.37-13.89 14.07v50.76h85.5v-50.76c0-7.77-6.3-14.08-14.09-14.08-.1 0-57.42-.01-57.52.01z\"><\/path><path d=\"m497 482h-482c-8.28 0-15 6.72-15 15s6.72 15 15 15h482c8.28 0 15-6.72 15-15s-6.72-15-15-15z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">To reduce our water consumption, we can: increase the proportion of plant-based foods (which use less water) in our diets, choose meats with a smaller water footprint, and reduce the direct water consumption of animals and the water used to produce their feed.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20fc2f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20fc2f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Agriculture<\/strong> is the <strong>world&#8217;s biggest user<\/strong> of freshwater. While this natural resource runs <strong>increasingly scarce<\/strong>, it is important to <strong>understand freshwater <\/strong> use for livestock activities, as well as the associated <strong>calculation methods<\/strong> and <strong>levers for action<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-123323c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"123323c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a id=\"1'\"><\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54340efb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54340efb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f53ada0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f53ada0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65931fb1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"65931fb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69f9e9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"69f9e9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, agriculture is the world's biggest user of water, accounting for over 70% of global use, and constantly increasing. These withdrawals correspond to water used for irrigation, livestock breeding and aquaculture<a href=\"#1\">[1]<\/a>.<a> It should also be noted that the 6th planetary boundary for the global freshwater cycle was crossed in 2023, jeopardizing the stability of the Earth system. <\/a> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02e74b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02e74b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The water cycle is <strong>complex<\/strong>. The term &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; is usually used to <strong>estimate the quantity of freshwater required <\/strong> to produce human food. But this generic term covers <strong>very different <\/strong> calculation methods. Let&#8217;s take a look at the <strong>two most commonly cited calculation methods<\/strong>: &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; and &#8220;<strong><em>consumptive water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8220;.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16f3cd53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"16f3cd53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dcc71f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6dcc71f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Water footprint assessment <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35fcd655 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35fcd655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When the <strong>15,000 liters of water needed to produce 1 kg of beef <\/strong> figure is put forward, this is generally derived from the &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint assessment<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; <em>calculation method<\/em>. <\/p>\n<p>This method, developed in 2002 by <strong>Arjen Hoekstra<\/strong> and promoted by the Water Footprint Network, was a precursor in the methodological development of water footprint calculations, particularly in the industrial sector. It involves taking a <strong>theoretical inventory of the quantity of water required to produce something throughout the manufacturing process, while also taking into account the degradation of water quality associated with production<\/strong>.Some of the water required to manufacture products is often &#8220;<strong>invisible<\/strong>&#8221; to consumers. For example, when we calculate the &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; of a cup of coffee, we take into account the water needed to <strong>grow<\/strong> the coffee plant, <strong>harvest<\/strong> the berries, <strong>process <\/strong> them, <strong>package<\/strong> them, <strong>transport<\/strong> them&#8230; and then to make coffee!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12bee19 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12bee19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c06339 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4c06339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Cafe_ENG-1265x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26564\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Cafe_ENG-1265x1024.jpg 1265w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Cafe_ENG-500x405.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Cafe_ENG-768x622.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Cafe_ENG-1536x1243.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Cafe_ENG.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238b9a7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"238b9a7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6680442 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6680442\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In concrete terms, the &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; method for the production of 1 kg of beef <strong>distinguishes and adds up<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Blue water<\/strong>: this is <em>fresh surface and underground water collected via the drinking water network, rivers and reservoirs<\/em> and used for livestock farming (watering, crop irrigation, building cleaning) and cattle slaughtering. On average, <strong>blue water<\/strong> <strong>accounts for 3-4% of the production of 1 kg of beef<\/strong>. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49b59ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"49b59ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a id=\"2'\"><\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d77ed97 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d77ed97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1501b58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1501b58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b6add5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5b6add5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d451e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"3d451e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>As with humans, cows' water requirements depend on a number of factors: temperature, humidity, the animal\u2019s physiological characteristics (age, weight, etc.), production level (dry cow, dairy or suckler cow, etc.), feed composition, etc. Cow water consumption can thus vary between 10 and 21L of water\/day for a young weaned calf, and 65 and 130L of water\/day for a dairy cow<a href=\"#2\">[2]<\/a>.<a> <\/a><\/p>\n<p>In addition to the need for adequate water supply, water quality is also essential for ensuring the animal\u2019s health and welfare.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5524080 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5524080\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-100b5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"100b5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>Green water<\/strong>: this is <em>rainwater stored in the soil and available to plants, which use part of it for growth and transpire another part.<\/em>\u00a0 Another fraction is <strong>evaporated by the soil<\/strong>. According to this calculation method, <strong>all rainwater falling on grassland,<\/strong> crops and fodder eaten by animals <strong>is accounted for<\/strong>, which is a point of major debate within the scientific community, as some of the rainwater that falls on plants ends up in groundwater or watercourses and is therefore not used directly for meat production. <strong>On average, green water accounts for about 95% of the water used for the production of 1 kg of beef. <\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Grey water<\/strong>: this is the <em>theoretical freshwater needed to dilute the pollutants emitted by human production activities, in order to make water available again. <\/em> . For example, excess nitrogen from effluent or from fertilization and forage production is a water pollutant associated with cattle farming. It should be noted that there are <strong>uncertainties and debates <\/strong> within the scientific community concerning the calculation of the quantity of grey water, and that it varies greatly <strong>according to the nature of the pollutant<\/strong> and the maximum pollution concentration threshold adopted<sup id=\"3'\"><a href=\"#3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. <strong>On average, gray water represents 1% of the production of 1 kg of beef.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54105a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54105a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9590ec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9590ec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Schema-eau-verte-bleue-grise_ENG-2.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Sch\u00e9ma eau verte bleue grise_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjY1ODQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvU2NoZW1hLWVhdS12ZXJ0ZS1ibGV1ZS1ncmlzZV9FTkctMi5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Schema-eau-verte-bleue-grise_ENG-2-1280x825.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26584\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Schema-eau-verte-bleue-grise_ENG-2-1280x825.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Schema-eau-verte-bleue-grise_ENG-2-500x322.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Schema-eau-verte-bleue-grise_ENG-2-768x495.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Schema-eau-verte-bleue-grise_ENG-2-1536x990.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Schema-eau-verte-bleue-grise_ENG-2-2048x1321.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2673105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2673105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Note that this &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; assessment takes into account all the <strong>theoretical water that comes into play during the production chain<\/strong>, and therefore does not exclude the (significant) quantity of green water which returns to the water cycle and is not directly used by animals. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8dcc29 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8dcc29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9625d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9625d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>\ud83d\udccc <strong>For more information <\/strong> <\/h5>\n<p>The water from the &#8220;water footprint&#8221; is sometimes called &#8220;virtual water&#8221; because it is <strong>not measured directly<\/strong>, but <strong>estimated<\/strong> on the basis of <strong>known scientific data<\/strong> and model predictions of plant water requirements.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f24b482 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f24b482\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Based on this method, <strong>it is now generally accepted that producing 1 kg of beef requires an average of 15,000 liters of water worldwide<\/strong>, 95% of which is green water<sup id=\"4'\"><a href=\"#4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fb9bae e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fb9bae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03f59f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"03f59f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-bovin_ENG-2.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Graphique bovin_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjY2MjAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR3JhcGhpcXVlLWJvdmluX0VORy0yLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-bovin_ENG-2-1046x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26620\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-bovin_ENG-2-1046x1024.png 1046w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-bovin_ENG-2-500x490.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-bovin_ENG-2-768x752.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-bovin_ENG-2-1536x1504.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-bovin_ENG-2.png 1982w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a33997e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a33997e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, this figure is not necessarily representative of all livestock farming in France or worldwide, and <strong>must therefore be used with caution and contextualized according to geographical location and farming practices<\/strong>. Indeed, according to this method, a very extensive farm with large grazing areas occupied by few cattle will have a greater &#8220;water footprint&#8221;, due to more green water being counted.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cbc3105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1cbc3105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34abb1ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"34abb1ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\"Consumptive water footprint\"<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-409d92d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"409d92d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Another calculation method<\/strong> was developed in 2014 to assess the <strong>environmental impact of a product<\/strong> (<em>here 1 kg of beef<\/em>) on the <strong>depletion <\/strong> of local water resources: <strong><em>the &#8220;consumptive water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8220;, which follows the ISO 14046 standard. The development of this standard required <strong>five years&#8217; work and the input of 300 international contributors<\/strong>. This method focuses more on <strong>consumed blue water <\/strong> and the impact of its withdrawal at local level.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a89a35c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a89a35c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d398c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d398c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>\ud83d\udccc <strong>Please note <\/strong> <\/h5>\n<p>The two calculation methods, &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; and &#8220;<strong><em>consumptive water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8220;, <strong>should not be set against each other<\/strong>: they do not estimate the same thing and do not have the same objective. The former looks at water management as a resource <strong>from a global perspective<\/strong>; the latter looks at the specific environmental <strong>impact<\/strong> of a product.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-823f42c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"823f42c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The &#8220;<strong><em>consumptive water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; method for the production of 1 kg of beef distinguishes and adds up:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The amount of water taken<\/strong> <strong>directly<\/strong> from their natural environment by animals: i.e. the <strong>water required<\/strong> for watering, irrigating crops, cleaning buildings and equipment, etc., <strong>minus the water returned<\/strong> to the environment via effluents. For ruminants, for example, it is generally considered that around <strong>50% of drinking water <\/strong> is returned to the environment in the form of <strong>urine<\/strong><sup id=\"5'\"><a href=\"#5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The quantity of water<\/strong> <strong> indirectly<\/strong> used by the animals: i.e. the water required for the <strong>growth of plants <\/strong> consumed by the animals, for the <strong>production<\/strong> of feed, fertilizers, electricity, etc. It is considered that the the natural environment receives water, part of which feeds the natural vegetation, regardless of the presence of animals. The share of water taken into account in the production of 1 kg of beef therefore <strong>concerns only the water that is evapotranspired by or contained in the plants the animals eat,<\/strong> as opposed to all the water that falls on the plots and returns to the water table, rivers and soil. The quantity of water taken into account in this method is therefore <strong>necessarily smaller<\/strong> than that taken into account in the &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint&#8221; method<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The potential local impact of this water withdrawal:<\/strong> producing 1 kg of beef will not have the same &#8220;<strong><em>consumptive water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; <strong>depending on the geographical and environmental conditions <\/strong> in which the cow is raised. For example, if a cow is reared in a temperate natural environment where human water withdrawals are low, such as in mountain meadows, the potential local impact of water withdrawal <strong>will be lower<\/strong> than if it is reared in a drier natural environment with a high concentration of human water needs (<em>densely populated areas, industrial basins, etc.<\/em>). The potential local impact is calculated using a <strong>weighting factor<\/strong> (<em>see box below<\/em>) <strong>designed to take into account water scarcity<\/strong> in a given environment. . <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a6be6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d7a6be6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6565d07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6565d07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-consommative_ENG-3.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Eau consommative_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjY2MzAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRWF1LWNvbnNvbW1hdGl2ZV9FTkctMy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"339\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-consommative_ENG-3-1280x543.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26630\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-consommative_ENG-3-1280x543.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-consommative_ENG-3-500x212.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-consommative_ENG-3-768x326.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-consommative_ENG-3-1536x651.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-consommative_ENG-3.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa9a515 close elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"fa9a515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Additional information<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2621\"><p>The weighting factor used to measure the potential local impact of water use is also known as &#8220;<strong>Water Stress Index<\/strong>&#8220;. In France, depending on the region and the methodology, the Water Stress Index varies <strong>between 0.073 and 0.320<\/strong> (Pfister and Bayer, 2014)<sup id=\"6'\"><a href=\"#6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> or <strong>between 1.05 and 14.34<\/strong>. (Boulay et al, 2018)<sup id=\"7'\"><a href=\"#7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>. It should be noted that the <strong>European Union and the United Nations recommend<\/strong> the use of the Boulay et al. Water Stress Index, more used than the one of Pfister and Bayer. In 2014, the Institut de l&#8217;Elevage (Idele) conducted a study<sup id=\"8'\"><a href=\"#8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> estimating the &#8220;consumptive water footprint&#8221; of beef, using the &#8220;Water Stress Index&#8221; by Pfister and Bayer (2014). According to this study, the &#8220;consumptive water footprint&#8221; of 1 kg of beef produced in France <strong>varied between 20 and 50 liters<\/strong>. By contrast, if we apply the &#8220;Water Stress Index&#8221; of Boulay et al. (2018), the &#8220;consumptive water footprint&#8221; of 1 kg of beef produced in France <strong>varies between 302 and 1337 liters<\/strong><sup id=\"9'\"><a href=\"#9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26acbb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26acbb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>According to the &#8220;<em>consumptive water footprint<\/em>&#8221; method, 302 to 1,337 liters are required to produce 1 kg of beef in France<\/strong>. These figures appear <strong>much lower<\/strong> than those estimated by the &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint&#8221; method<\/em><\/strong>, because the &#8220;<strong><em>consumptive water footprint&#8221; method<\/em><\/strong> focuses mainly <strong>on blue water<\/strong>, taking into account the water returned to the natural environment via effluents. In this sense, it seems more relevant <strong>if we try to take into account the natural water cycle and the breeding conditions <\/strong> under which cattle are raised in France, where most of them graze. However, <strong>it does not take into account grey water<\/strong>, which may be negligible from a quantitative point of view, but allows us to factor in the <strong>pollution associated<\/strong> with the production of 1 kg of beef. According to the Idele study<sup id=\"10'\"><a href=\"#10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>the biggest contributor to French beef farms\u2019 &#8220;<strong><em>consumptive water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; is the <strong>water needed for the production of purchased feed <\/strong> (<em>between 31% and 87%<\/em>), exceeding by far water consumption by the animals themselves. Electricity, fuel and fertilizers account for a small share.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36c67ef close elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"36c67ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5741\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5741\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Additional information<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5741\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5741\"><p>The water required to produce animal feed <strong>can vary according to geographical location<\/strong>, <strong>farming systems and methods<\/strong> (<em>animal grazing, quantity and type of feed purchased, etc<\/em>.), but also according to the <strong>&#8220;water footprint&#8221; of the plant production<\/strong> used for animal feed, which is sometimes difficult to estimate.<\/p><p>When most of the feed comes from <strong>soybean<\/strong> requiring intense irrigation, as in the USA for example, the water of purchased feed inputs constitutes a <strong>significant part of the footprint<\/strong>, increasing the water footprint of 1 kg of beef. This share is significantly <strong>reduced<\/strong> in a system where the nitrogen input of the cattle feed does not come from water-consuming soybeans, but <strong>from legumes<\/strong> such as faba beans, which do not require irrigation.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26622 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-repartition_ENG-500x286.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-repartition_ENG-500x286.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-repartition_ENG-1280x732.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-repartition_ENG-768x439.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-repartition_ENG-1536x878.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Graphique-repartition_ENG-2048x1171.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p><p>This figure, based on the Idele study, shows, for example, that purchased feed accounts for <strong>55% to 95% of the water footprint<\/strong> of the cattle studied, some of which are <strong>partly fed with corn<\/strong>, that is particularly <strong>water-hungry<\/strong> during the summer months. We can see that the greater the percentage of corn in cattle feed, the greater the water footprint associated with feeding. We can also see that the percentage of the water footprint related to feed purchases is <strong>significantly reduced<\/strong> in the 10-30% Organic Farming corn system. These data are strongly influenced by <strong>the nature of the feed<\/strong> purchased and the related irrigation systems.<\/p><p>However, the &#8220;consumptive water footprint&#8221; varies <strong>more with the local context<\/strong> (where the farm is located) than with the farming system and method (grass-fed, soybean feed, etc.). This is what the Idele study showed by comparing different breeding systems in the same given context on the one hand, and identical breeding systems in very different contexts such as France and New Zealand on the other.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68495fc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"68495fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4873d9c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4873d9c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reducing water use in food production<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb22dde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bb22dde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Freshwater availability is becoming <strong>increasingly scarce<\/strong> as a result of climate change. Since <strong>agriculture is responsible for 70% of global freshwater use<\/strong>, limiting water consumption for livestock farming appears to be a <strong>lever.<\/strong> In this respect, <strong>increasing the proportion of plant-based foods<\/strong> in human consumption can reduce water use, as their production generally requires l<strong>ess water per kg <\/strong> than meat-based foods<sup id=\"11'\"><a href=\"#11\">[11]<\/a><a href=\"#12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>. On the basis of a similar protein intake, vegetarian diets thus have a smaller water footprint<sup id=\"13'\"><a href=\"#13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f823306 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f823306\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0deb4e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0deb4e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-bleue-relative_ENG-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Eau bleue relative_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjY2MDAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRWF1LWJsZXVlLXJlbGF0aXZlX0VORy0xLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"501\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-bleue-relative_ENG-1-1280x802.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26600\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-bleue-relative_ENG-1-1280x802.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-bleue-relative_ENG-1-500x313.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-bleue-relative_ENG-1-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-bleue-relative_ENG-1-1536x963.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Eau-bleue-relative_ENG-1-2048x1284.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87f7b0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87f7b0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We also know that <strong>beef production\u2019s water footprint is generally greater than pork<\/strong>, which in turn <strong>is greater than poultry<\/strong><sup id=\"14'\"><a href=\"#14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>. It is therefore possible to reduce the water footprint of a meat diet by choosing the type of meat consumed (<em>while taking into account the animal welfare standards applied on the farm in question<\/em>)..<\/p>\n<p>Having said that, is it possible to reduce water use in beef production? <\/p>\n<p>Considering the weight of the various items in the water footprint of 1 kg of beef, the main levers for reducing water use are: <strong>reducing the water used to produce cattle feed<\/strong>, and <strong>reducing direct and indirect water consumption by the animals<\/strong><sup id=\"15'\"><a href=\"#15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>In concrete terms, the following measures can be listed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reducing the use of water in cattle feed:<\/strong> give preference to feeds that require <strong>little water<\/strong> for production (e.g. faba beans or sorghum), use varieties that are <strong>more resistant to drought<\/strong>, <strong>improve farming practices<\/strong> to match the plant growth period with the period of water availability, <strong>optimize irrigation<\/strong> when necessary (time of day, duration, method used).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reasonable cattle drinking trough use to limit losses<\/strong>: For example, <strong>provide<\/strong> cattle <strong>with shelter<\/strong> (buildings, trees, hedges, etc.) to reduce their exposure to heat and limit water loss through transpiration, <strong>select breeds adapted<\/strong> to drought conditions, <strong>reduce the consumption <\/strong> of salt-rich feed, install <strong>water meters<\/strong> to identify leaks and assess avenues for improvement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other levers for action can also be mentioned, although they account for a much more negligible share of water consumption, such as giving priority to <strong>water-saving methods <\/strong> for cleaning equipment (scraping dung from the floor of buildings before washing, using washing equipment with reduced water flow, recycling cleaning water, etc.) or <strong>collecting rainwater from roofs,<\/strong> particularly for cleaning buildings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ef67d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ef67d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ac3f06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6ac3f06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Reduire-eau-alimentation_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"R\u00e9duire eau alimentation_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjY2MzYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvUmVkdWlyZS1lYXUtYWxpbWVudGF0aW9uX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Reduire-eau-alimentation_ENG-1280x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Reduire-eau-alimentation_ENG-1280x512.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Reduire-eau-alimentation_ENG-500x200.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Reduire-eau-alimentation_ENG-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Reduire-eau-alimentation_ENG-1536x615.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Reduire-eau-alimentation_ENG-2048x820.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-248b57bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"248b57bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f8af54c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f8af54c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16414b62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16414b62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The two main calculation methods, &#8220;<strong><em>water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; and &#8220;<strong><em>consumptive water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8220;, show <strong>wide variations<\/strong> in estimates of the water used to produce 1 kg of beef, <strong> ranging from 20 liters to 15,000 liters<\/strong>. The &#8220;water footprint&#8221; method is interesting because it lists <strong>all the theoretical water involved in the production <\/strong> of 1 kg of beef, but <strong>is not necessarily relevant<\/strong> to farming contexts where animals have access to pasture, as it does not take into account the natural water cycle. As such, this method is better suited to <strong>indoor production<\/strong>. On the other hand, the &#8220;<strong><em>consumptive water footprint<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; method seems more appropriate for farms where the animals <strong>graze in part or in full<\/strong>, as is the case for most cattle in France. According to this method, the &#8220;consumptive water footprint&#8221; of 1 kg of beef produced in France varies <strong>between 302 and 1337 liters.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In any case, in a context where freshwater resources are becoming <strong>increasingly scarce,<\/strong> and where agriculture is the world&#8217;s biggest water user, <strong>estimating (and reducing) the water needed for this purpose is an important issue<\/strong>. <strong>Increasing the proportion of plant-based foods<\/strong> in human consumption is one way of doing this. For meat products, choosing meats <strong>that consume less water is another<\/strong>. In addition, <strong>reducing<\/strong> water consumption by animals, and especially that associated with their feed, is another way of moving towards more water-efficient farming systems.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e78878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"21e78878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5abed9c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5abed9c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In short<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3980eb57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3980eb57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustration fin r\u00e9sum\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjY2MzgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWZpbi1yZXN1bWVfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3498\" height=\"3334\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26638\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png 3498w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-500x477.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1074x1024.png 1074w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-768x732.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1536x1464.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-2048x1952.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3498px) 100vw, 3498px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77c0744d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"77c0744d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a36b6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24a36b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Article reviewed by Michael Corson, research fellow in environmental analysis of livestock production systems at INRAE&#8217;s UMR SAS.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150b7958 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"150b7958\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16e903d7 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"16e903d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3841\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3841\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3841\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3841\"><p><sup id=\"1\"><a href=\"#1'\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> FAO, <em>La situation mondiale de l\u2019alimentation et de l\u2019agriculture 2020. Relever le d\u00e9fi de l\u2019eau dans l\u2019agriculture, <\/em>Rome, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/fr\/c\/CB1447FR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/fr\/c\/CB1447FR<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"2\"><a href=\"#2'\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Boudon A., Khelil-Arfa H., M\u00e9nard J., Brunschwig P., Faverdin P., Les besoins en eau d\u2019abreuvement des bovins laitiers : d\u00e9terminismes physiologiques et quantification. <em>INRA Productions Animales<\/em>, 26 (3), 249-262, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-01210449\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-01210449<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"3\"><a href=\"#3'\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Corson M.S., Doreau M., \u00c9valuation de l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau en \u00e9levage. <em>INRA Productions Animales<\/em>, 26 (3), 239-248, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-01209147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-01209147<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"4\"><a href=\"#4'\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><em>Mekonnen M.M. et Hoekstra A.Y., <\/em>A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products. <em>Ecosystems<\/em>, 15,<em> 2012<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10021-011-9517-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10021-011-9517-8<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"5\"><a href=\"#5'\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><em>Corson et Doreau, 2013<\/em><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"6\"><a href=\"#6'\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Pfister, S., Bayer, P., Monthly water stress: spatially and temporally explicit consumptive water footprint of global crop production, <em>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/em>, 73, 52-62, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.11.031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.11.031<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"7\"><a href=\"#7'\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Boulay A., Bare J., Benini L., Berger M., Lathuilli\u00e8re M., Manzardo A., Margni M., N\u00fa\u00f1ez M., Pastor A., Ridoutt B., Oki T., Pfister S., <em>The WULCA consensus characterization model for water scarcity footprints: assessing impacts of water consumption based on available water remaining (AWARE)<\/em>, <em>International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment<\/em>, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s11367-017-1333-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s11367-017-1333-8<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"8\"><a href=\"#8'\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>Gac A., Bechu T., L\u2019empreinte eau consommative du lait et de la viande bovine et ovine : premiers rep\u00e8res sur des syst\u00e8mes fran\u00e7ais<em>, Colloque Rencontres autour des Recherches sur les Ruminants, <\/em>2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/idele.fr\/fileadmin\/medias\/Documents\/GacBechu2014_3R.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/idele.fr\/fileadmin\/medias\/Documents\/GacBechu2014_3R.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"9\"><a href=\"#9'\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Fossey, M., L\u2019empreinte eau des \u00e9levages herbivores : des flux d\u2019eau pr\u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019impact environnemental de la consommation d\u2019eau, <em>SNGTV<\/em>, Bulletin n\u00b0 109, 23-27, 2023.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"10\"><a href=\"#10'\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Gac et B\u00e9chu, 2014.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"11\"><a href=\"#11'\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> Mekonnen et Hoekstra, 2012.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"12\"><a href=\"#11'\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Hocquette JF., Mollier P., Darmon N., Peyraud JL., Faut-il r\u00e9duire notre consommation de viande ?, <em>La revue fran\u00e7aise de la recherche en viandes et produits carn\u00e9s<\/em>, 2019, 35 (2-4), 1-7, <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.inrae.fr\/hal-02624148\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/hal.inrae.fr\/hal-02624148<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#13'\"><sup id=\"13\">[13]<\/sup> <\/a>Vanham D., Mekonnen M.M., Hoekstra A.Y., The water footprint of the EU for different diets<em>, Ecological Indicators<\/em>, 32, 1-8, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.02.020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.02.020<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"14\"><a href=\"#14'\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> Gerbens-Leene P.W., Mekonnen M.M., Hoeskstra A.Y., The water footprint of poultry, pork and beef : a comparative study in different countries and production systems<em>, Water Resources and Industry<\/em>, 1-2, 25-36, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wri.2013.03.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wri.2013.03.001<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"15\"><a href=\"#15'\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> Corson et Doreau, 2013.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b13ea42 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b13ea42\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7004da75 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7004da75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099659b elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"099659b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/23-11-It-takes-15000-liters-of-water-to-produce-1-kg-of-beef-TRUE-or-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download  pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56cc2507 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56cc2507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59d040c5 elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"59d040c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Layer_1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g>\t<g>\t\t<path d=\"M264.181,76.909c-93.646,0-169.561,75.915-169.561,169.561s75.915,169.561,169.561,169.561   s169.561-75.915,169.561-169.561S357.827,76.909,264.181,76.909z M264.18,375.129c-70.942,0-128.658-57.716-128.658-128.658   s57.716-128.658,128.658-128.658s128.658,57.716,128.658,128.658S335.123,375.129,264.18,375.129z\"><\/path>\t<\/g><\/g><g>\t<g>\t\t<path d=\"M264.18,152.299c-51.926,0-94.171,42.245-94.171,94.171c0,51.926,42.245,94.171,94.171,94.171   c51.926,0,94.171-42.245,94.171-94.171S316.107,152.299,264.18,152.299z\"><\/path>\t<\/g><\/g><g>\t<g>\t\t<path d=\"M501.315,260.687V54.64c0-1.988-1.269-3.755-3.155-4.39c-1.884-0.634-3.963,0.007-5.166,1.591   c-25.708,33.903-39.622,75.283-39.622,117.83v75.378c0,8.645,7.008,15.654,15.654,15.654h6.526   c-6.433,66.443-10.684,159.37-10.684,170.251c0,17.142,10.551,31.038,23.566,31.038c13.015,0,23.566-13.897,23.566-31.038   C512,420.072,507.749,327.13,501.315,260.687z\"><\/path>\t<\/g><\/g><g>\t<g>\t\t<path d=\"M68.417,219.843c13.042-7.9,21.759-22.224,21.759-38.586l-6.46-105.621c-0.247-4.026-3.584-7.165-7.618-7.165   c-4.363,0-7.839,3.655-7.622,8.01l4.201,84.709c0,4.762-3.861,8.621-8.621,8.621c-4.761,0-8.621-3.861-8.621-8.621l-2.099-84.674   c-0.111-4.475-3.77-8.044-8.247-8.044c-4.477,0-8.135,3.57-8.247,8.044l-2.099,84.674c0,4.762-3.861,8.621-8.621,8.621   c-4.761,0-8.621-3.861-8.621-8.621l4.201-84.709c0.216-4.357-3.262-8.01-7.622-8.01c-4.034,0-7.371,3.139-7.617,7.165L0,181.258   c0,16.362,8.716,30.685,21.759,38.586c8.488,5.141,13.22,14.753,12.126,24.617c-7.363,66.358-12.363,174.693-12.363,186.494   c0,17.142,10.551,31.038,23.566,31.038c13.015,0,23.566-13.897,23.566-31.038c0-11.801-5.001-120.136-12.363-186.494   C55.196,234.602,59.933,224.982,68.417,219.843z\"><\/path>\t<\/g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">In view of the global shortage of freshwater and because agriculture is the biggest consumer, it is important to reduce water use in food production.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chart-line\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Estimates of water used for producing 1kg of beef vary enormously depending on the calculation method used.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2cow\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The \"water footprint\" method estimates 15,000L of water used per kg of beef, but does not take sufficient account of the natural water cycle.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-drop\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The \"consumptive water footprint\" method estimates between 302 and 1337L of water used per kg of beef. This method seems more relevant in the case of France, where the majority of cattle graze.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Capa_1\" height=\"512\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" width=\"512\"><g><path d=\"m227.2 159.298c5.86 5.86 15.35 5.86 21.21 0l59.94-59.94 86.98 86.99h-16.32c-8.28 0-15 6.71-15 15 0 8.28 6.72 15 15 15h52.54c8.101 0 14.99-6.636 14.99-15v-52.541c0-8.28-6.71-15-15-15-8.28 0-15 6.72-15 15v16.32l-97.59-97.59c-5.85-5.85-15.35-5.85-21.21 0-51.711 51.724-37.441 37.451-59.93 59.94l-123.09-123.089c-5.86-5.85-15.36-5.85-21.21 0-5.86 5.86-5.86 15.36 0 21.22z\"><\/path><path d=\"m125.62 142.6c0-7.77-6.3-14.08-14.09-14.08h-57.31c-7.79 0-14.1 6.31-14.1 14.08v309.4h85.5z\"><\/path><path d=\"m227.03 316.15h-57.31c-7.79 0-14.1 6.31-14.1 14.09v121.76h85.5v-121.76c0-7.78-6.3-14.09-14.09-14.09z\"><\/path><path d=\"m285.22 247.19c-7.79 0-14.1 6.31-14.1 14.08v190.73h85.5v-190.73c0-7.77-6.3-14.08-14.09-14.08z\"><\/path><path d=\"m400.27 387.17c-7.69.1-13.89 6.37-13.89 14.07v50.76h85.5v-50.76c0-7.77-6.3-14.08-14.09-14.08-.1 0-57.42-.01-57.52.01z\"><\/path><path d=\"m497 482h-482c-8.28 0-15 6.72-15 15s6.72 15 15 15h482c8.28 0 15-6.72 15-15s-6.72-15-15-15z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">To reduce our water consumption, we can: increase the proportion of plant-based foods (which use less water) in our diets, choose meats with a smaller water footprint, and reduce the direct water consumption of animals and the water used to produce their feed.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f17b5 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"90f17b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11fbd71c elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11fbd71c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b5872b elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b5872b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">70%<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21ee073e elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21ee073e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>agriculture<\/strong> is responsible for 70% of <strong>global freshwater use<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71241b6a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"71241b6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-699f8d34 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"699f8d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5bbf1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c5bbf1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d97fdae elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"7d97fdae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26276 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-pets especes-horses media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-9630\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tA horse in the pasture is a happy horse: TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26725 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-attentes-societales-en tag-eleveurs-en tag-reglementation-en tag-relation-humain-animal-en themes-farm-animals themes-one-welfare-en especes-cows especes-pigs media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/animal-welfare-improvement-is-always-a-constraint-for-breeders-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-26947\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Image-couverture_ENG.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/animal-welfare-improvement-is-always-a-constraint-for-breeders-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tAnimal welfare improvement is always a constraint for breeders, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12309 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cows_in_the_meadow-scaled-e1668089609849.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4124\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">One welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tHedgerows are essential for the welfare of free-range animals, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9669 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-animal-welfare themes-farming-101 media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-better-in-smaller-farms-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"493\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-500x493.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-29272\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-500x493.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-1038x1024.png 1038w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-768x758.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG.png 1104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Animal welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-better-in-smaller-farms-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tWelfare is better in smaller farms! TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>According to you, does it take 15,000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of beef? We tell you all about it! <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":26561,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[],"themes":[282,283,284],"especes":[296],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-26559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","themes-farm-animals","themes-farming-101","themes-one-welfare-en","especes-cows","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26559","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26559"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26559\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31019,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26559\/revisions\/31019"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26561"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26559"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26559"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26559"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=26559"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=26559"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=26559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}