{"id":26276,"date":"2023-06-05T11:08:13","date_gmt":"2023-06-05T09:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2024-09-06T11:09:23","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T09:09:23","slug":"a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/","title":{"rendered":"A horse in the pasture is a happy horse: TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"26276\" class=\"elementor elementor-26276 elementor-7552\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e260612 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2e260612\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a2b7d87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a2b7d87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eb5df14 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6eb5df14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4260cec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4260cec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-9630\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1620fa69 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1620fa69\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5af1f74a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5af1f74a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42e3f42b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"42e3f42b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-9630\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration_sans_titre-7-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-249b1c82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"249b1c82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">TRUE...<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Under certain conditions! By giving horses the opportunity to express more of their natural behaviors, living in a herd in the pasture enhances their welfare, but equine owners must follow certain principles. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56176cbb elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56176cbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a704866 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a704866\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e798ef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e798ef6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Meadow life fosters horses\u2019 welfare if it is organized in such a way that they can: <\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5b8da3 elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"c5b8da3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-leaf\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Eat frequently and have clean water available throughout the day<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-expand-arrows-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Move freely<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-cloud-rain\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Be protected in all weather conditions <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-heartbeat\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Be healthy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-horse\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Live in a group, which needs to be stable to create strong, lasting bonds<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f0d4cfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f0d4cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Herd life in the meadow<\/strong>, compared with permanent life in the stall, <strong>improves the emotional state of horses<\/strong><sup id=\"1'\"><a href=\"#1\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>. For example, horses with meadow access proved to be <strong>more optimistic<\/strong> than horses housed solely in individual stalls: i.e., they judged ambiguous situations more positively<sup id=\"2'\"><a href=\"#2\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. This suggests that a meadow horse is potentially <strong>mentally healthier<\/strong>, as it can express a wider range of behaviors.<\/p>\n<p><strong>So, what does the ideal meadow look like from a horse\u2019s point of view?<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6d4c9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d6d4c9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dac063 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dac063\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed0ccbe elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6ed0ccbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4758dd79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"4758dd79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Equidae family includes donkeys, zebras and horses. A pony is a small horse, so pony and horse are one and the same! <\/p>\n<p>While they share many similarities, some of their needs and biological characteristics differ. For example, donkeys are territorial, whereas horses are not. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a7328b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5a7328b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-799173a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"799173a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The horse\u2019s basic needs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cdd00a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cdd00a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Good health<\/strong> and <strong>physical comfort<\/strong> are prerequisites for <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/defining-animal-welfare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">animal welfare<\/a>, but they are not the only criteria: animals must be in a <strong>positive emotional state<\/strong> and be able to express the <strong>behaviors specific to their species.<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>Horses&#8217; <strong>main activity is feeding<\/strong>, to which they devote an average of 60% of their time in natural conditions, i.e. <strong>around 15 hours a day.<\/strong> Strictly herbivores, <strong>horses are constantly on the move<\/strong>, eating grass as well as branches, fruit, bark and roots.<\/p>\n<p>Their second most common activity on a daily scale is <strong>resting<\/strong>, which occupies 6 non-consecutive hours per day. This is followed by <strong>moving around<\/strong>, observation of the environment, maintenance activities (i.e. <em>drinking, scratching, rolling<\/em>) and <strong>social interactions<\/strong><sup id=\"3'\"><a href=\"#3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. However, if the latter behaviors are shorter and less frequent, it does not follow that they are any less important!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c9be46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c9be46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Schema_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Sch\u00e9ma_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjYyOTAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wNlwvU2NoZW1hX0VORy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Schema_ENG.png\" title=\"Sch\u00e9ma_ENG\" alt=\"Sch\u00e9ma_ENG\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5982bcc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5982bcc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61c7947e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"61c7947e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bb738b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bb738b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eat, and move! <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5124124 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5124124\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"477\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Alimentation-cheval-V2-1280x763.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7591\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Alimentation-cheval-V2-1280x763.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Alimentation-cheval-V2-500x298.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Alimentation-cheval-V2-768x458.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Alimentation-cheval-V2-1536x915.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Alimentation-cheval-V2-2048x1220.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4586302f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4586302f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By allowing horses to move around <strong>as they please<\/strong> and to feed throughout the day, meadows offer the opportunity to express behavior that is <strong>close<\/strong> to a horse\u2019s natural state. <\/p>\n<p>For horses, eating and moving go hand in hand: their <strong>diet <\/strong> is <strong>forage-based<\/strong>, which means that the time they spend grazing throughout the day (and night!) is synonymous with movement. Add to this the time they spend travelling to and from various points of interest (<em>water trough, shelter, hay rack, etc.<\/em>), all of which should probably not be concentrated in one place in the meadow.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4a37b4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b4a37b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b887f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8b887f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e114e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2e114e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Logarithme_ENG-1280x605.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26297\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Logarithme_ENG-1280x605.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Logarithme_ENG-500x236.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Logarithme_ENG-768x363.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Logarithme_ENG-1536x726.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Logarithme_ENG.png 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bfee68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8bfee68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55a9d7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55a9d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The distance covered daily increases (<em>logarithmically<\/em>) with the surface area of the pasture: for example, the distance covered by a horse in a group of four is about 4.7 km per day in a 0.8 ha plot. This rises to 6.1 km for a 4 ha plot<sup id=\"4'\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=17536&amp;action=edit#4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>. Due to the <strong>proximity of the various resources<\/strong>, the daily distance covered by horses in domestic conditions is less than in natural conditions (<em>15-18 km on average<\/em>)<sup id=\"5'\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=17536&amp;action=edit#5\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e29734a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e29734a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"ui-provider gs b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Movement is vital to a horse&#8217;s health<\/strong> in many ways. In particular, it stimulates blood and lymph circulation in the limbs. Immobility also alters digestion which, like feeding, is <strong>continuous<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>To cover its daily requirements, an average grass-fed horse eats about <a href=\"https:\/\/equipedia.ifce.fr\/economie-et-filiere\/economie\/references-technico-economiques\/nourrir-100-a-l-herbe-c-est-possible-et-c-est-economique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>60 kg of grass per day<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> It is therefore important to ensure that grass is available <strong> in sufficient quantity and quality<\/strong> throughout the year. <\/p>\n<p>When it is insufficient, <strong>hay<\/strong> must be provided, with or without <strong>supplements<\/strong>. In addition to providing the required energy for overall metabolism, feed must also satisfy a <strong>horse\u2019s need to chew<\/strong>. As well as contributing to horses&#8217; <strong>psychological welfare<\/strong>, chewing stimulates the <strong>production of saliva<\/strong>, which is essential for creating physiological conditions favorable to digestion. The amount of saliva produced depends on <strong>the dry matter content of the feed<\/strong> and the required chewing time: concentrated feeds (<em>pellets, flakes<\/em>), for example, require less chewing and saliva than hay. <\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, the continuous and unlimited consumption of excessively rich grass <strong>can alter a horse&#8217;s state of health<\/strong>, sometimes <strong>irreversibly.<\/strong> It is therefore essential to monitor overweight by evaluating <strong>horses\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/equipedia.ifce.fr\/elevage-et-entretien\/alimentation\/nutrition-et-ration\/evaluer-la-note-detat-corporel-de-son-cheval-une-necessite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">body condition score<\/a><\/strong>: contrary to popular belief, a horse that is too fat should be just as much concern as one that is too thin!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d47aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53d47aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d099696 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d099696\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5fd246 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e5fd246\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dac643c elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"dac643c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Outdoor spaces for horses are generally meadows or paddocks.<\/p>\n<p>Although not clearly defined, a paddock is a smaller area than the meadow. For horses living in a stall, it provides an outdoor space where it can move around freely. Paddocks are often individual, but when size allows it, they can accommodate several horses. Meadows also have a forage function: they provide all or part of animal feed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-984c11e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"984c11e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>But while the motivation to feed generally takes precedence over other needs, social context is crucial in the expression of this voluntary movement: when given the choice, <strong>horses are more inclined to stay outdoors for long periods in the presence of other horses<\/strong><sup id=\"6'\"><a href=\"#6\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a14d5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a14d5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3efb3dde elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3efb3dde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interacting with other equids<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67219ec8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67219ec8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horses <strong>live in herds.<\/strong> By allowing <strong>free interaction<\/strong> with other animals and the development of social bonds, group housing has a positive effect on their physiology and behavior, positively affecting their state of welfare<sup id=\"7'\"><a href=\"#7\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>. The meadow can fulfill this need for sociability, as it offers sufficient space to put <strong>several horses together.<\/strong> It is even <strong>essential that horses are not alone<\/strong> and are allowed to interact with other equids.<\/p>\n<p>In their natural state, horses know two types of social structure: <strong>family groups<\/strong> (<em>also called families or harems<\/em>) and <strong>groups of single males<\/strong><sup id=\"8'\"><a href=\"#8\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f3adcf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f3adcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c5f8a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c5f8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3519a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e3519a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <strong> family<\/strong> is based on a <strong>core group of mares<\/strong>, who develop <strong>strong, lasting<\/strong> social bonds, and a stallion. Mares and stallions also share strong social bonds<sup id=\"9'\"><a href=\"#9\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>. Their offspring, both males and females, <strong>leave<\/strong> their group of origin when they reach sexual maturity: young males join a group of <strong>single stallions<\/strong> while waiting to acquire mares from other families and form their own.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00643ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00643ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d6ba01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3d6ba01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"282\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Famille-et-etalons_ENG-1280x451.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26304\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Famille-et-etalons_ENG-1280x451.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Famille-et-etalons_ENG-500x176.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Famille-et-etalons_ENG-768x270.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Famille-et-etalons_ENG-1536x541.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Famille-et-etalons_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b32ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39b32ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>In the latter part of his life<\/strong>, a stallion removed from his group may join a group of single stallions, or opt for a <strong>solitary life<\/strong><sup id=\"10'\"><a href=\"#10\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>For some equine owners, being in a group is a <strong>source of concern<\/strong>, as they fear that horses will hurt each other. However, horses organize themselves within groups according to three main principles: <strong><em>social cohesion<\/em><\/strong>, <em><strong>dominance<\/strong> <strong>hierarchy<\/strong><\/em> and <strong><em>leadership<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Social cohesion<\/strong> is reflected in spatial proximity, non-frequent <strong>aggressive<\/strong> interactions, very frequent <strong>affiliative<\/strong> interactions (see box) and a high level of <strong>mutual tolerance<\/strong>. These relationships remain stable over the years<sup id=\"11'\"><a href=\"#11\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li><li>Within the group, horses are <strong>organized hierarchically<\/strong>, based on <strong>dominance<\/strong> A horse is dominant over another if it has <strong>priority access<\/strong> to a resource (<em>shade, water trough, rack<\/em>), can attack without being attacked, and if its presence induces avoidance without apparent aggression. In this way, dominance relationships enable conflicts over access to a limited resource <strong>to be resolved without fighting<\/strong><sup id=\"12'\"><a href=\"#12\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li><li><strong>Leadership<\/strong> is the ability of an animal to <strong>influence<\/strong> the movement and activities of its group and to be followed quickly<sup id=\"13'\"><a href=\"#13\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>. <span class=\"ui-provider gs b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak\" dir=\"ltr\">In horses, leadership is <strong>not concentrated on a single individual<\/strong> in the group: every member of the group is likely to initiate a collective move, but some individuals are followed more quickly than others.<\/span><strong>A leader is not necessarily dominant.<\/strong> These two notions do not necessarily belong to the same individuals and do <strong>not fulfill the same functions. <\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>All these mechanisms help to organize the group\u2019s social life and <strong>limit conflict.<\/strong> They <strong>take time <\/strong> to set up, from several days to several weeks<a href=\"#14\"><sup id=\"14'\">[14]<\/sup> <\/a>depending on the case, and depend directly on the composition of the group: the arrival of a new individual or, conversely, the definitive departure of a group member immediately renders all rules obsolete, and <strong>organization must be redefined.<\/strong><\/p><p>Consequently, <strong>group stability<\/strong> is essential in order to limit agonistic (<em>conflict-related<\/em>) behavior and to foster cohesion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40b5354 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40b5354\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f08086 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f08086\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89dca32 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"89dca32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdfb56b elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"cdfb56b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most widely expressed sign of affinity is also the most discreet: two horses grazing in close proximity to each other. Calmness within a group should not be interpreted as indifference, but as the consequence of good social organization.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, horses are more tolerant of contact with other equids with whom they share a strong affinity: together they will engage in activities such as swishing away flies or mutual grooming.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46feb83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"46feb83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"497\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Cheval-social.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7663\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Cheval-social.png 1103w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Cheval-social-500x311.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Cheval-social-768x477.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-271e0a13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"271e0a13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d5585b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d5585b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Weather and rest <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d7bdf4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d7bdf4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horses are <strong>not as sensitive to weather conditions<\/strong> as humans are. They are capable of adapting their behavior to their environment, and have a number of <strong>natural assets<\/strong>, starting with their hair coat, the density of which changes with the seasons. The <strong>presence of natural and\/or artificial shelters<\/strong> large enough for the whole group is, however, <strong>necessary<\/strong> to guarantee effective adaptation and rest. <\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s not uncommon to see owners complaining about their horses standing still in the rain, when there&#8217;s plenty of shelter just a few yards away. Horses don&#8217;t necessarily seek shelter in cold or rainy weather. However, when the temperature rises above <strong>+20\u00b0C<\/strong> and <strong>insect pressure<\/strong> increases<a href=\"#15\"><sup id=\"15'\">[15]<\/sup>,<\/a> <strong>the number of horses resorting to artificial shelters can double<\/strong><sup id=\"16'\"><a href=\"#16\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>.  <\/p>\n<p>Although horses <strong>tend to prefer artificial shelter<\/strong><sup id=\"17'\"><a href=\"#17\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>, <strong>trees and <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">hedges<\/a><\/strong>, when sufficiently developed, can also contribute to improving their thermal comfort in the pasture, both in summer and in winter. <\/p>\n<p>A horse&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/cold-weather-is-expected-quick-we-should-move-the-cows-inside-true-or-false\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">thermal comfort zone<\/a> extends from around <strong>5\u00b0C to 25\u00b0C<\/strong><sup id=\"18'\"><a href=\"#18\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><strong>Above 25\u00b0C<\/strong>, horses <strong>will adapt their behavior<\/strong> to eliminate excess heat and avoid producing it: grazing preferably at the coolest hours, resting in the shade, sweating, drinking more than the average daily consumption of 40 liters of water. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f27c82b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f27c82b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a5d1e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a5d1e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-591360c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"591360c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Zone-thermique_ENG-1280x829.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26311\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Zone-thermique_ENG-1280x829.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Zone-thermique_ENG-500x324.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Zone-thermique_ENG-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Zone-thermique_ENG-1536x994.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Zone-thermique_ENG.png 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aa4a7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9aa4a7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f93c58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f93c58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Below 5\u00b0C<\/strong>, the horse\u2019s body must produce heat, notably through movement, in order to maintain body temperature. By developing a dense coat and increasing the amount of energy they use, horses can manage cold, <strong>even down to -15\u00b0C in some cases.<\/strong> It is therefore not always necessary to cover them outside in winter. These figures are averages and may vary considerably <strong>depending on the animal\u2019s <\/strong><sup id=\"19'\"><a href=\"#19\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>breed, age, state of health, coat and general activity.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Below this minimum critical temperature (-15\u00b0C)<\/strong>, horses <strong>need help<\/strong>: a richer diet, shelter, a blanket for shorn or thin-coated horses, etc.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aba77ba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aba77ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1df91b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b1df91b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ac719 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ac719\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>The collective shelter\u2019s surface<\/strong> in the meadow is also a determining factor for horse rest: the more space, the more time horses spend <strong>lying<\/strong> <strong data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\">down<\/strong><sup id=\"20'\"><a href=\"#20\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>. In particular, the <strong><em>lateral decubitus<\/em> position<\/strong> (<em>with horses lying full length on their side<\/em>) is <strong> essential<\/strong> for true recovery and consolidation of learning. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2943 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfd2943\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be70cff elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"be70cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"304\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Position-decubitus-lateral_ENG-1280x486.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26313\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Position-decubitus-lateral_ENG-1280x486.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Position-decubitus-lateral_ENG-500x190.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Position-decubitus-lateral_ENG-768x292.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Position-decubitus-lateral_ENG-1536x583.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Position-decubitus-lateral_ENG.png 1749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47886936 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47886936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFurthermore, as horses <strong>may disturb each other<\/strong>, the surface usual of an individual stall should not be used as a reference: it is recommended <strong> to double this surface<\/strong> to guarantee effective rest for all<sup id=\"21'\"><a href=\"#21\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#21\">[21]<\/sup><\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774aa3a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"774aa3a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a8561b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a8561b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Physical and mental health<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13b32bb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13b32bb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>While life in the pasture has many advantages for horses, <strong>daily supervision<\/strong> by the owner is still needed. Outside, horses are <strong>more exposed<\/strong> to certain health <strong>risks:<\/strong> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Internal and external parasites<\/strong>: as horses in the pasture and paddock are continuously <strong>contaminated<\/strong> with parasites present in their dung, <strong>deworming<\/strong> should be done in a sensible and collective manner. It should be adapted to the relevant surface area, climate and age of horses. In addition to parasite monitoring, veterinarians can also give advice on pasture management (<em>paddock rotation, dung collection, etc.<\/em>). <br \/>As we have already seen, horses are <strong>highly sensitive to the presence of insects<\/strong>: traps can therefore be installed in the pasture, and the most sensitive horses should be fitted with insect masks or blankets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Skin damage<\/strong>: horses, especially those with unpigmented (pink) skin, can also <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/equipedia.ifce.fr\/sante-et-bien-etre-animal\/maladies\/autres-maladies\/les-maux-de-lete\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">get sunburnt.<\/a><\/strong><br \/>In wet weather, the skin around the <strong><em>pastern<\/em><\/strong> (<em>above the hoof<\/em>), in particular, can also be affected: if continually damp and\/or covered in mud, it can become a breeding ground <strong>for bacteria<\/strong>, particularly in the unpigmented areas known as socks. This is known as pododermatitis or, more commonly, <strong><em>mud fever<\/em><\/strong>. <br \/>It is a good idea to check that the meadow is free of elements that could be a <strong>source of injury<\/strong> (<em>wire mesh, pieces of scrap metal, electric wires or broken fence posts, barbed wire, etc<\/em>.). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Toxic<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/equipedia.ifce.fr\/intoxications-vegetales-equides\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>plants<\/strong><\/a>: many of them <strong>can be fatal<\/strong> if ingested in small doses, either repeatedly or only once. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/equipedia.ifce.fr\/elevage-et-entretien\/alimentation\/intoxication-alimentaire\/le-senecon-plante-toxique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jacobaea vulgaris<\/a><\/strong>, for example, induces hepatitis. <br \/>Certain <strong>photosensitizing plants<\/strong>, when ingested, cause direct or indirect lesions on non-pigmented parts of the skin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Diseases transmitted by wild and domestic animals<\/strong>: game and insects, particularly mosquitoes and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifce.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Tiques-et-chevaux-quels-risques-en-france.2pdf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ticks<\/a>, can be <strong>vectors of various diseases<\/strong>. To avoid contact with wild animals as much as possible, fencing must be adapted. <br \/><strong>Domestic animals<\/strong> can also transmit diseases to horses indirectly, as in the case of <strong>lawsoniosis<\/strong> in foals, transmitted by dogs or mini-pigs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77ab005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"77ab005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-008fd6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"008fd6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"163\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Sante_ENG-1280x260.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26315\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Sante_ENG-1280x260.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Sante_ENG-500x102.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Sante_ENG-768x156.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Sante_ENG-1536x312.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Sante_ENG.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3054bf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3054bf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6204d5bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6204d5bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As with any kind of change, changes in the living environment must be <strong>gradual<\/strong> and benefits are not <strong>immediate<\/strong> some horses subjected to a sudden switch from stall housing to group pasture (and vice versa!) have difficulty adapting to their new environment, particularly in the first few days. Twenty <strong>or so days<\/strong> of grazing seem to be necessary to observe <strong>observe beneficial effects on the welfare of horses<\/strong><sup>3<\/sup>. Finally, when permanent pasture is not possible, the alternative of leaving the horses in the pasture for part of the day and then bringing them in for the remaining hours has been shown to have <strong>a positive impact <\/strong> on the welfare of horses compared with mainly individual stalls<sup id=\"22'\"><a href=\"#22\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-430f79e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"430f79e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">If in doubt, call a vet!<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1e43b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1b1e43b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b74695f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b74695f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In short<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bf41dda elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2bf41dda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustration fin r\u00e9sum\u00e9_ENG\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjYzMTcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wNlwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWZpbi1yZXN1bWVfRU5HLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3334\" height=\"3334\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26317\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG.png 3334w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Illustration-fin-resume_ENG-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3334px) 100vw, 3334px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a610e36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7a610e36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22b98c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22b98c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Article written in partnership with <strong>Isabelle Desjardins-Pesson<\/strong>veterinarian and teacher at VetAgro Sup&#8217;s Clin\u00e9quine, specialist in equine internal medicine and intensive care <strong>Alice Ruet<\/strong>&#8220;Equine welfare&#8221; research and development engineer at Ifce, member of the INRAe \/ CNRS \/ Universit\u00e9 de Tours \/ IFCE &#8220;Cognition Ethologie Bien-\u00eatre animal&#8221; joint research unit.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ef871b5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1ef871b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a0cd5df elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"5a0cd5df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reference<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\"><p><sup id=\"1\"><a href=\"#1'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1'\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Hartmann, E., S\u00f8ndergaard, E. &amp; Keeling, L. J. Keeping horses in groups: A review. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em> <strong>136<\/strong>, 77\u201387 (2012). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.004 <\/a> <br \/>L\u00f6ckener, S., Reese, S., Erhard, M. &amp; W\u00f6hr, A.-C. Pasturing in herds after housing in horseboxes induces a positive cognitive bias in horses. <em>J. Vet. Behav.<\/em> <strong>11<\/strong>, 50\u201355 (2016). <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jveb.2015.11.005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jveb.2015.11.005<\/a><br \/>Ruet, A. <em>et al.<\/em> Effects of a temporary period on pasture on the welfare state of horses housed in individual boxes. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em> <strong>228<\/strong>, 105027 (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.105027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.105027<\/a><br \/>Yarnell, K., Hall, C., Royle, C. &amp; Walker, S. L. Domesticated horses differ in their behavioural and physiological responses to isolated and group housing. <em>Physiol. Behav.<\/em> <strong>143<\/strong>, 51\u201357 (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.02.040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.02.040<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"2\"><a href=\"#2'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#2'\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> L\u00f6ckener et <em>al.<\/em>, 2016. For an overview of the study see <a href=\"https:\/\/sciencesequines.fr\/resume-lockener-2016\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/sciencesequines.fr\/resume-lockener-2016\/<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"3\"><a href=\"#3'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3'\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Duncan, P. Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses Ii. Time-Budgets of Adult Horses and Weaned Sub-Adults. <em>Behaviour<\/em><strong>72<\/strong>, 26\u201348 (1980). <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1163\/156853980X00023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1163\/156853980X00023<\/a><br \/>Boyd, L. E. Time budgets of adult Przewalski horses: Effects of sex, reproductive status and enclosure. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em> <strong>21<\/strong>, 19\u201339 (1988). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-1591(88)90099-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-1591(88)90099-8<\/a><br \/>Boyd, L. E., Carbonaro, D. A. &amp; Houpt, K. A. The 24-hour time budget of Przewalski horses. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em><strong>21<\/strong>, 5\u201317 (1988). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-1591(88)90098-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-1591(88)90098-6<\/a><br \/>Kaseda, Y. Seasonal Changes in Time Spent Grazing and Resting of Misaki Horses. <em>Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci.,<\/em> 464\u2013469 (1983). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2508\/chikusan.54.464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2508\/chikusan.54.464<\/a><br \/>Kiley-Worthington, M. Time-budgets and social interactions in horses: The effect of different environments. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em> <strong>13<\/strong>, 181\u2013182 (1984).<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"4\"><a href=\"#4'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4'\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Hampson, B. <em>et al.<\/em> Monitoring distances travelled by horses using GPS tracking collars. <em>Aust. Vet. J.<\/em> <strong>88<\/strong>, 176\u2013181 (2010). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00564.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00564.x<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"5\"><a href=\"#5'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5'\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Hampson, B. <em>et al.<\/em>, 2010. <br \/>Hampson, B. A., de Laat, M. A., Mills, P. C. &amp; Pollitt, C. C. Distances travelled by feral horses in \u2018outback\u2019 Australia. <em>Equine Vet. J. Suppl.<\/em> 582\u2013586 (2010). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00203.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00203.x<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"6\"><a href=\"#6'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6'\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Lee, J., Floyd, T., Erb, H. &amp; Houpt, K. Preference and demand for exercise in stabled horses. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em><strong>130<\/strong>, 91\u2013100 (2011). <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.01.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.01.001<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"7\"><a href=\"#7'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7'\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Yarnell et <em>al.<\/em>, 2015.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-true-or-false\/#8&#039;\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#8&#039;\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Mills, D. S. &amp; McDonnell, S. M. <em>The Domestic Horse The Origins, Development and Management of its Behaviour<\/em>. (2005).<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"9\"><a href=\"#9'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9'\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Mills &amp; McDonnell, 2005.<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"10\"><a href=\"#10'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10'\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Salter, R. E. &amp; Hudson, R. J. Social organization of feral horses in western Canada. <em>Appl. Anim. Ethol.<\/em> <strong>8<\/strong>, 207\u2013223 (1982).<br \/>Warring, G. <em>Horse Behaviour<\/em>. (2003).<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"11\"><a href=\"#11'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11'\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> Mendon\u00e7a, R. S. <em>et al.<\/em> Social determinants of affiliation and cohesion in a population of feral horses. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em> <strong>245<\/strong>, 105496 (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105496\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105496<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"12\"><a href=\"#12'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12'\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir, H. &amp; Sigurj\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir, H. The benefits of high rank in the wintertime\u2014A study of the Icelandic horse. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. \u2013 APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI<\/em> <strong>114<\/strong>, 485\u2013491 (2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.04.014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.04.014<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"13\"><a href=\"#13'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13'\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Bourjade, M., Thierry, B., Hausberger, M. &amp; Petit, O. Is Leadership a Reliable Concept in Animals? An Empirical Study in the Horse. <em>PLoS ONE<\/em> <strong>10<\/strong>, e0126344 (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0126344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0126344<\/a><br \/>See also: <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eth.12402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eth.12402<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"14\"><a href=\"#14'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#14'\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> Hartmann et <em>al.<\/em>, 2012 <br \/>Warring, G. <em>Horse Behaviour<\/em>. (2003)  <br \/>Freymond, S., Briefer, E., Niederh\u00e4usern, R. &amp; Bachmann, I. Pattern of Social Interactions after Group Integration: A Possibility to Keep Stallions in Group. <em>PloS One<\/em> <strong>8<\/strong>, e54688 (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0054688\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0054688<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"15\"><a href=\"#15'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15'\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> Christensen, J. W. <em>et al.<\/em> Insect-repelling behaviour in horses in relation to insect prevalence and access to shelters. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em> <strong>247<\/strong>, 105560 (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.105560\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.105560<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"16\"><a href=\"#16'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#16'\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Proops, L. <em>et al.<\/em> Shelter-seeking behavior of donkeys and horses in a temperate climate. <em>J. Vet. Behav.<\/em> <strong>32<\/strong>, 16\u201323 (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jveb.2019.03.008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jveb.2019.03.008<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#17'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17'\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> Proops, L. <em>et al.<\/em>, 2019<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"18\"><a href=\"#18'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#18'\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Morgan, K. Thermoneutral zone and critical tempratures of horses. <em>J Therm Biol<\/em> <strong>23<\/strong>, 59\u201361 (1998). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4565(97)00047-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4565(97)00047-8<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"19\"><a href=\"#19'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#19'\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> Mejdell, C. M., Buvik, T., J\u00f8rgensen, G. H. M. &amp; B\u00f8e, K. E. Horses can learn to use symbols to communicate their preferences. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em> <strong>184<\/strong>, 66\u201373 (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.07.014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.07.014<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"20\"><a href=\"#20'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#20'\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> Kjellberg, L., Yngvesson, J., Sassner, H. &amp; Morgan, K. Horses\u2019 Use of Lying Halls and Time Budget in Relation to Available Lying Area. <em>Anim. Open Access J. MDPI<\/em> <strong>11<\/strong>, 3214 (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11113214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11113214<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"21\"><a href=\"#21'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#21'\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> Kjellberg, L., Sassner, H. &amp; Yngvesson, J. Horses\u2019 resting behaviour in shelters of varying size compared with single boxes. <em>Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.<\/em> <strong>254<\/strong>, 105715 (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.105715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.105715<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"22\"><a href=\"#22'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#22'\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> Lansade, L. <em>et al.<\/em> Behavioral and Transcriptomic Fingerprints of an Enriched Environment in Horses (Equus caballus). <em>PLOS ONE<\/em> <strong>9<\/strong>, e114384 (2014).<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0114384\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0114384<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e893ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51e893ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b3c14d3 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b3c14d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ed31fb elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0ed31fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/23-06-A-horse-in-the-pasture-is-a-happy-horse-TRUE-or-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download  pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d106eb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d106eb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98903ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"98903ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Meadow life fosters horses\u2019 welfare if it is organized in such a way that they can: <\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dafc9d5 elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"5dafc9d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-leaf\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Eat frequently and have clean water available throughout the day<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-expand-arrows-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Move freely<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-cloud-rain\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Be protected in all weather conditions <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-heartbeat\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Be healthy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-horse\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Live in a group, which needs to be stable to create strong, lasting bonds<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cecc762 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3cecc762\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-323aa5e5 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"323aa5e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Figure<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad8396 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ad8396\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">15H<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2155b470 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2155b470\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is the number of hours a horse spends <b>feeding under natural conditions. <\/b> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f83c2ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f83c2ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14f3abe3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"14f3abe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ede0ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ede0ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72f356bf elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"72f356bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26880 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-pets especes-horses media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/horses-dont-need-to-lie-down-to-rest-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Couverture-cheval-debout_ENG-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-26882\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Couverture-cheval-debout_ENG-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Couverture-cheval-debout_ENG-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Couverture-cheval-debout_ENG-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Couverture-cheval-debout_ENG-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Couverture-cheval-debout_ENG-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Couverture-cheval-debout_ENG-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/horses-dont-need-to-lie-down-to-rest-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tHorses don&#8217;t need to lie down to rest, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12309 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cows_in_the_meadow-scaled-e1668089609849.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4124\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">One welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tHedgerows are essential for the welfare of free-range animals, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12078 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-24006\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tGrazing animals are necessarily happy, TRUE OR FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-17726 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-animaux-delevage tag-bovins-en tag-eleveurs-en tag-farm-animals tag-ruminants-en tag-sensibility themes-farm-animals especes-cows media-infographics-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/species-sheet-all-about-dairy-cows\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-18108\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/species-sheet-all-about-dairy-cows\/\">\n\t\t\t\tSpecies sheet \u2013 All about dairy cows!\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A horse in the pasture is potentially happier than one in a stall. We tell you why! <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":9630,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[],"themes":[282,299],"especes":[332],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-26276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","themes-farm-animals","themes-pets","especes-horses","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26276"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30534,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26276\/revisions\/30534"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26276"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=26276"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=26276"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=26276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}