{"id":12413,"date":"2022-12-08T09:02:35","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T08:02:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.ix-dev.eu\/fish-dont-feel-pain-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2024-09-27T10:36:13","modified_gmt":"2024-09-27T08:36:13","slug":"fish-dont-feel-pain-true-or-false","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/fish-dont-feel-pain-true-or-false\/","title":{"rendered":"Fish don&#8217;t feel pain, TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"12413\" class=\"elementor elementor-12413 elementor-4358\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41280a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"41280a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b885f5e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b885f5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7605960c elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7605960c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-541b9d80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"541b9d80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-16957\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29aa4dd6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29aa4dd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42f604c2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42f604c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159bb142 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"159bb142\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-16957\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration_sans_titre-4.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f054aa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"7f054aa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">FALSE<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW158979080 BCX2\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158979080 BCX2\">It has been shown that fish are able to feel pain, but also other emotions!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c02a9a0 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c02a9a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c5c9026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c5c9026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b9239f elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0b9239f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-speakers\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Fish possess the largest range of olfactory and auditory systems in vertebrates<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-flash\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">It has been shown that bony fish are able to consciously feel pain<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-heart-shape-outline\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Fish are capable of feeling both negative and positive emotions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cb69efe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cb69efe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Let us examine this with <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">S\u00e9bastien Moro<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, science popularizer in the field of animal cognition who notably worked on fish in his and <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Fanny Vaucher\u2019s <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">comic book <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervelledoiseau.fr\/les-paupieres-des-poissons\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Les paupi\u00e8res des poissons<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(published by La Plage).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78e0bbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"78e0bbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"391\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/sebastien-moro-1-1-391x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-12178\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/sebastien-moro-1-1-391x500.jpg 391w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/sebastien-moro-1-1.jpg 431w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 391px) 100vw, 391px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Morgane Ruiz<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac143ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7ac143ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45c6f409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45c6f409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fish, animals like no others<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54ab81a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54ab81a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>First, let us go over a few facts about fish.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3573a26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3573a26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16c3d73 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16c3d73\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94bbbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d94bbbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"671\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_famille_eng-1221x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12451\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_famille_eng-1221x1024.png 1221w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_famille_eng-500x419.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_famille_eng-768x644.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_famille_eng-1536x1288.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_famille_eng.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d2bd0a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9d2bd0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6717264 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6717264\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Fish range over an immense diversity of habitats. They possess <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the largest range of olfactory and auditory systems in vertebrates<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Some species live for as little as a month, while others live for centuries. Some are the size of a fingernail, others of a bus. They are invariably thought to have scales, but several species do not.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83f751b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83f751b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">There are some <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that produce electricity or that can&#8217;t breathe underwater<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">! Fish can be <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">oviparous<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">viviparous <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">or <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ovoviviparous <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(oviparous whose eggs hatch inside the maternal body)! They can be male, female, <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">or both<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, or even <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">change <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">during their lifetime! They can live in the icy darkness of the depths or in the colored warmth of the reefs. In short, the worlds of these animals are <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">unimaginably rich.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, the mental universe of fish still remains largely unknown to us and many discoveries about them are extremely recent.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dd8750e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6dd8750e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69d22a54 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69d22a54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-570ebf04 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"570ebf04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4042c467 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"4042c467\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span>What we think about as a united and homogeneous group of \"fishes\" actually comprises a breathtaking variety of around 35,000 known species.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>For comparison, there are 6,500 species of mammals.<\/span><span>\u00a0<\/span><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4df1ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3e4df1ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e4894b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e4894b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Until the early 2000s<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, there was a scientific consensus on the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">inability <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of fish to subjectively feel pain. This position was based on comparative data that showed significant differences between the nervous systems of mammals and fish.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">But before we go any further, let&#8217;s take a look <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">at the mechanisms of pain and its nervous processing.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A physical reaction to a potentially painful stimulus <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">does not necessarily imply mental perception of pain<\/span><\/b><sup id=\"1'\"><a href=\"#1\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"> <br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For example, when an animal reacts to an injury, it may do so <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">by simple <\/span><\/b><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">reflex<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, like when we instantly remove our hand from a hot plate. In this precise case,<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> there is no conscious processing of the information<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: you withdraw your hand even before you are aware of the burn. Pain is a phenomenon that occurs <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">later<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. It is <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">subjective information <\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that is not entirely transmitted by the same nerve fibers and is processed by specific areas of the brain.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, all these mechanisms of transmission and processing of information present in mammals were <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">apparently absent in fish<\/span><\/b><sup id=\"2'\"><a href=\"#2\" data-type=\"internal\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2965364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2965364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_reflex-pain_eng.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustrations id\u00e9es re\u00e7ues poissons_poisson douleur_reflex pain_eng\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTI0NDksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIyXC8xMlwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9ucy1pZGVlcy1yZWN1ZXMtcG9pc3NvbnNfcG9pc3Nvbi1kb3VsZXVyX3JlZmxleC1wYWluX2VuZy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_reflex-pain_eng-1280x627.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12449\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_reflex-pain_eng-1280x627.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_reflex-pain_eng-500x245.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_reflex-pain_eng-768x376.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_reflex-pain_eng-1536x753.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_reflex-pain_eng.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-231187d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"231187d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">According to the knowledge available at the time, it was consistent to think that fish could not feel pain.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f52bd64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5f52bd64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cab0183 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cab0183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">However, more and more studies show the ability of fish to consciously feel pain\u2026<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2323f21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2323f21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Since a seminal publication in 2003 <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">by Lynne Sneddon, Victoria Braithwaite and Michael Gentle<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"3'\"><a href=\"#3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>, which brought the question of the ability of fish to feel pain to the forefront, numerous studies have looked into the subject, causing <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a great deal of discussion and reflection <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within the scientific community<\/span><sup id=\"4'\"><a href=\"#4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It has since been shown many times that reactions to painful stimuli, in several species of fish, <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are not mere reflexes<\/span><\/b><sup id=\"5'\"><a href=\"#5\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>.<span data-contrast=\"auto\"> This pain can <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">influence the attention <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">they pay to their environment<sup id=\"6'\"><a href=\"#6\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and the appearance of certain specific abnormal behaviors seems consistent with the presence of conscious pain<\/span><sup id=\"7'\"><a href=\"#7\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">Then<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">, two publications from 2006 and 2008 showed that goldfish quickly learn <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">to <strong>avoid the area of an aquarium where they receive electric shocks<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">and that the greater the shocks, the faster they learn and t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">he longer they remember. <\/span><\/span><em><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">Contrary to popular myth, goldfish have excellent memories!<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d83b3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d83b3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f73274 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f73274\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a9f841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a9f841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">If food is added to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">the painful<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\"> area, and the fish are deprived of food, <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">they will <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">endure<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\"> the electric shocks <\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">to feed themselves. The fish seem capable of <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">voluntarily <\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\"><strong>influencing<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">their &#8220;instinctive&#8221; reaction to flee the danger zone, and these decisions <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW35016532 BCX2\">take into account<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\"> the intensity of the shocks and their <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\">level of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35016532 BCX2\"> hunger<\/span><\/span><sup id=\"8'\"><a href=\"#8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91fad9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91fad9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b64894 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b64894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_goldfish_eng.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustrations id\u00e9es re\u00e7ues poissons_poisson douleur_goldfish_eng\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTI0NDcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIyXC8xMlwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9ucy1pZGVlcy1yZWN1ZXMtcG9pc3NvbnNfcG9pc3Nvbi1kb3VsZXVyX2dvbGRmaXNoX2VuZy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_goldfish_eng-1280x685.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12447\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_goldfish_eng-1280x685.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_goldfish_eng-500x268.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_goldfish_eng-768x411.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_goldfish_eng-1536x822.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_goldfish_eng.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14342012 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14342012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We are therefore clearly not in the presence of simple reflexes<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, since these animals prove capable of exercising precise and flexible control over their reactions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Pain, when it is conscious, is a phenomenon that <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">absorbs a large part of our attention <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and prevents us from focusing on what surrounds us. If a fish perceives it in a similar way, one could imagine the same type of disturbance.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">To test this, another experiment looked at how pain might <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">influence the attention of rainbow trout<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Normally, these animals are <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">neophobic<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, that is, they fear novelty. When a new object is inserted into their pool, trout <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">will move away from it and consider it cautiously<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. On the other hand, when they are injured, they no longer seem to take it into account at all and even go <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">so far as to hit it <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">while swimming! In other words, trout completely change their behavior and act <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as if they were \u201cout of their minds\u201d<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. A very interesting point is that after administration of an analgesic, everything returns to normal: trout again avoid the object<sup id=\"9'\"><a href=\"#9\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Several avenues have also been raised to explain how information is transmitted and processed by their nervous system, and in particular by brain structures analogous to that of mammals<\/span><sup id=\"10'\"><a href=\"#10\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8158325 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8158325\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_-poisson-douleur_trout_eng.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustrations id\u00e9es re\u00e7ues poissons_ poisson douleur_trout_eng\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTI0NDUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIyXC8xMlwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9ucy1pZGVlcy1yZWN1ZXMtcG9pc3NvbnNfLXBvaXNzb24tZG91bGV1cl90cm91dF9lbmcucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_-poisson-douleur_trout_eng-1280x741.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12445\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_-poisson-douleur_trout_eng-1280x741.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_-poisson-douleur_trout_eng-500x289.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_-poisson-douleur_trout_eng-768x444.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_-poisson-douleur_trout_eng-1536x889.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_-poisson-douleur_trout_eng.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3daf1ccb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3daf1ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4887d07a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4887d07a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b5b59b9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b5b59b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6cbe9e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d6cbe9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-en-resume.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5998\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4753f694 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"4753f694\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">In short!<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>It has been shown that bony fish are able to consciously feel pain and that it is not just a reflex. This pain is expressed in particular by behavioral responses that demonstrate stress and distress on the part of the fish.\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75901226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"75901226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30dacd17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"30dacd17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Are fish sensitive?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49fffb92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49fffb92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Towards the end of the 2010s<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, research went much further and studied the emotions of fish in a more precise and thorough way.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In 2018, Marco Cerqueira and his colleagues observed <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">behavioral, cerebral and physiological variations in sea bream <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">depending on whether a situation is positive (food) or negative (leaving the water) and whether it is predictable (related to switching on the light) or unpredictable (unrelated to switching on the light)<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6f75d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a6f75d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7359765 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7359765\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cc377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b3cc377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"311\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/daurade-deprimee-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12212\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-258d056 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"258d056\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eb596c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7eb596c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">They discover<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">ed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\"> that these factors induce <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">very different<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\"> reactions in these animals, but that the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">perception<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\"> that the fish have of an environmental stimulus <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">fluences their emotional states<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">. For example, if a negative situation is predictable, it will produce <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\"><strong>a lower level of stress<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">than an unpredictable negative situation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\"><sup id=\"11'\"><a href=\"#11\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>. The external stimulus is therefore not the only trigger for the fish&#8217;s emotions, but <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">its own assessment of the situation <\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\">also weighs <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW46806688 BCX2\">in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW46806688 BCX2\"> the balance!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bcd14f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3bcd14f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Since emotions also impact our behaviors, one way to study them in animals is <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to observe how they affect their decision-making<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">An animal that lives in a difficult environment and faces many challenging experiences will tend <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to avoid taking risks<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, because each time it has taken them in the past, it has often resulted in <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">negative results<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. This animal then develops what is called a <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cpessimistic\u201d judgment bias<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On the other hand, an animal whose life is going well (resources are abundant and each new exploration is successful), will tend to <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">easily take risks<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, since it has always paid off so far. This animal then develops an <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201coptimistic\u201d judgment bias<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">These commonly called <strong><em>\u201cjudgment<\/em><\/strong><\/span><strong><em> biases\u201d<\/em><\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, led to many tests on mammals, particularly in experiments on the welfare of farm animals.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This is what the protocol might look like if we were the subject of it.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cea0ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6cea0ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"332\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_jugement_eng-1280x531.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12443\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_jugement_eng-1280x531.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_jugement_eng-500x207.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_jugement_eng-768x318.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_jugement_eng-1536x637.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_jugement_eng-2048x849.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b98e2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b98e2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We learn that one color, say &#8220;green&#8221;, always corresponds to a reward and another, say &#8220;red&#8221;, is always a punishment.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In front of us is a wall with 5 doors. Behind the green one, we win 100\u20ac. Behind the red one, we get slapped. The intermediate gates have gradient colors ranging from red to green (see diagram below). We have no idea what is behind them, we can only guess from what we found behind the green and red doors.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On average, most people try to open the doors ranging from the green one to the middle one: they take moderate risks. However, a subject who has previously had negative experiences will have a stronger tendency to confine himself to the green door, or to the one right next to it. They will take fewer risks, be more sensitive to failure: this is <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the pessimistic judgment bias<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On the contrary, an individual who has only had pleasant experiences will tend to take more risks and will venture more easily <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to the orange door<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: this is called an <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">optimistic judgment bias <\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(see<\/span><sup id=\"12'\"><a href=\"#12\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4588895 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4588895\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436f2b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"436f2b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aec201c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aec201c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">French research has shown that a female <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Amatitlania Siquia <\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(a species that lives in a stable couple) that is put in contact with a male that she does not like, will tend to have <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a stormy couple life<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, low reproductive success and above all, a general behavior <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that is more pessimistic <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">than if it can join <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the preferred mate<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. This pessimism is confirmed by the result of the judgment bias test<\/span><sup id=\"13'\"><a href=\"#13\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-860b100 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"860b100\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09acb19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"09acb19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_Amatitlania-Siquia_eng-1280x598.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12441\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_Amatitlania-Siquia_eng-1280x598.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_Amatitlania-Siquia_eng-500x234.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_Amatitlania-Siquia_eng-768x359.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_Amatitlania-Siquia_eng-1536x718.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustrations-idees-recues-poissons_poisson-douleur_Amatitlania-Siquia_eng-2048x957.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c661ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c661ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thus, in comparison with what we know of mammals, this study allows us to conclude that fish <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are capable of developing biases in judgment <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and that their experienced emotions influence their reaction to future events.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27de430 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27de430\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f99378f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f99378f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f77dac5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f77dac5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-en-resume.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5998\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ef194e elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"7ef194e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">In short!<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span>Fish are capable of feeling both negative and positive emotions. They may even be optimistic or pessimistic. This influences their reaction to future events!<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d7b30cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7d7b30cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d882de2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d882de2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">We need to take into account fish sensitivity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-201a45d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"201a45d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Today, a new scientific consensus is taking shape <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">on the ability of fish to feel pain<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, although there is still much to understand<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"14'\"><a href=\"#14\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>. We are just beginning to study <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the other types of emotions <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">they might feel and the first results are fascinating<sup id=\"15'\"><a href=\"#15\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the last 20 years, unsuspected mental abilities have also been discovered in these animals.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Indeed, we now know that some fish can demonstrate self-control<sup id=\"16'\"><a href=\"#16\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">evaluate quantities<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"17'\"><a href=\"#17\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>, have an excellent sense of the time passing<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"18'\"><a href=\"#18\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>, use tools<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"19'\"><a href=\"#19\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>, pay attention to their self-image<sup id=\"20'\"><a href=\"#20\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> manipulate others<sup id=\"21'\"><a href=\"#21\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">invent methods of inter-species communication<sup id=\"22'\"><a href=\"#22\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hunt in groups and in a coordinated manner<sup id=\"23'\"><a href=\"#23\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">or even develop cultural traditions<\/span><sup id=\"24'\"><a href=\"#24\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Fish have nothing to be ashamed of in comparison to birds and mammals, including primates, if we consider their results on certain complex cognitive tests<sup id=\"25'\"><a href=\"#25\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, we only know a small fraction of what may be going on in the heads of a tiny fraction of these species. There is still so much to discover about them<sup id=\"26'\"><a href=\"#26\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">so many fascinating and strange mysteries to explore in our aquatic cousins.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Each year we kill (at least) between 1,000 and 3,000 billion fish through commercial fishing worldwide<sup id=\"27'\"><a href=\"#27\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In aquaculture, there are currently no real animal welfare regulations at the European level<sup id=\"28'\"><a href=\"#28\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">nor at the national level in France. In the West, most fish are farmed in intensive farming systems<sup id=\"29'\"><a href=\"#29\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">They are by far the vertebrates that we decimate on the largest scale. Let&#8217;s hope that these discoveries will allow us to respect them a little more and protect them before fish disappear completely from the planet.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4957c0a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4957c0a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0204b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0204b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-492503d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"492503d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_poisson-douleur_eng.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Illustration fin r\u00e9sum\u00e9_poisson douleur_eng\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTI0MzksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIyXC8xMlwvSWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWZpbi1yZXN1bWVfcG9pc3Nvbi1kb3VsZXVyX2VuZy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_poisson-douleur_eng.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12439\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_poisson-douleur_eng.png 1920w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_poisson-douleur_eng-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_poisson-douleur_eng-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_poisson-douleur_eng-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_poisson-douleur_eng-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Illustration-fin-resume_poisson-douleur_eng-1536x1536.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f464016 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4f464016\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-626cb644 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"626cb644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">For further details<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76fbc15b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76fbc15b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Here are some illustrations from S\u00e9bastien Moro and Fanny Vaucher&#8217;s book <em>Les paupi\u00e8res des poissons<\/em> (published by La Plage):<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Do you think fish commit suicide?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f81121 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f81121\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12220\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-1.jpg 788w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-1-385x500.jpg 385w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-1-768x998.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-019b2b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"019b2b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"785\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12222\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-2.jpg 785w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-2-383x500.jpg 383w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-2-768x1002.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ba690f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1ba690f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31ac1c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31ac1c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Can fish anticipate an upcoming situation and act accordingly?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fa1273 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1fa1273\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"983\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12224\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-3.jpg 833w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-3-407x500.jpg 407w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/BD-3-768x944.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f55aba0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f55aba0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c5e436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c5e436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervelledoiseau.fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Visit S\u00e9bastien Moro&#8217;s website<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56252fb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"56252fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-282e9241 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"282e9241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6741\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6741\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6741\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6741\"><p><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"1\"><a href=\"#1'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1'\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Lynne U. Sneddon et al., \u00ab Defining and Assessing Animal Pain \u00bb, <em>Animal Behaviour<\/em> 97 (novembre 2014): 201\u201112, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.09.007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.09.007<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"2\"><a href=\"#2'\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> James D. Rose, \u00ab The Neurobehavioral Nature of Fishes and the Question of Awareness and Pain \u00bb, <em>Reviews in Fisheries Science<\/em>10, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1 (janvier 2002): 1\u201138, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20026491051668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20026491051668<\/a> ; J D Rose et al., \u00ab Can Fish Really Feel Pain? \u00bb, <em>Fish and Fisheries<\/em> 15, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1 (mars 2014): 97\u2011133, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12010<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"3\"><a href=\"#3'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3'\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> L. U. Sneddon, V. A. Braithwaite, et M. J. Gentle, \u00ab Do Fishes Have Nociceptors? Evidence for the Evolution of a Vertebrate Sensory System \u00bb, <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences<\/em> 270, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1520 (7 juin 2003): 1115\u201121, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2003.2349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2003.2349<\/a><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"4\"><a href=\"#4'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4'\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org\/animsent\/vol1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org\/animsent\/vol1\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"5\"><a href=\"#5'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5'\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Sarah Millsopp et Peter Laming, \u00ab Trade-Offs between Feeding and Shock Avoidance in Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) \u00bb, <em>Applied Animal Behaviour Science<\/em> 113, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1\u20113 (septembre 2008): 247\u201154, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.11.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.11.004<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"6\"><a href=\"#6'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6'\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Paul J. Ashley et al., \u00ab Effect of Noxious Stimulation upon Antipredator Responses and Dominance Status in Rainbow Trout \u00bb, <em>Animal Behaviour<\/em> 77, n<sup>o<\/sup> 2 (f\u00e9vrier 2009): 403\u201110, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.10.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.10.015<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"7\"><a href=\"#7'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7'\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Lynne U Sneddon, \u00ab The Evidence for Pain in Fish: The Use of Morphine as an Analgesic \u00bb, <em>Applied Animal Behaviour Science<\/em> 83, n<sup>o<\/sup> 2 (septembre 2003): 153\u201162, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00113-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00113-8<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"8\"><a href=\"#8'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#8'\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Rebecca Dunlop, Sarah Millsopp, et Peter Laming, \u00ab Avoidance Learning in Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) and Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) and Implications for Pain Perception \u00bb, <em>Applied Animal Behaviour Science<\/em> 97, n<sup>o<\/sup> 2\u20114 (mai 2006): 255\u201171, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.06.018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.06.018 <\/a>; Millsopp et Laming, \u00ab Trade-Offs between Feeding and Shock Avoidance in Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"9\"><a href=\"#9'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9'\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Lynne U Sneddon, Victoria A Braithwaite, et Michael J Gentle, \u00ab Novel Object Test: Examining Nociception and Fear in the Rainbow Trout \u00bb, <em>The Journal of Pain<\/em> 4, n<sup>o<\/sup> 8 (octobre 2003): 431\u201140, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/S1526-5900(03)00717-X.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"10\"><a href=\"#10'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10'\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Macquarie University, Culum Brown, et Catherine Dorey, \u00ab Pain and Emotion in Fishes \u2013 Fish Welfare Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture \u00bb, <em>Animal Studies Journal<\/em> 8, n<sup>o<\/sup> 2 (1 d\u00e9cembre 2019): 175\u2011201, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14453\/asj.v8i2.12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14453\/asj.v8i2.12<\/a> ; Lynne U. Sneddon, \u00ab Evolution of Nociception and Pain: Evidence from Fish Models \u00bb, <em>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/em> 374, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1785 (11 novembre 2019): 20190290, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0290\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0290 <\/a>; Jakob William Trotha, Philippe Vernier, et Laure Bally\u2010Cuif, \u00ab Emotions and Motivated Behavior Converge on an Amygdala\u2010like Structure in the Zebrafish \u00bb, <em>European Journal of Neuroscience<\/em> 40, n<sup>o<\/sup> 9 (novembre 2014): 3302\u201115, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.12692\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.12692<\/a> ; C. Broglio et al., \u00ab Hallmarks of a Common Forebrain Vertebrate Plan: Specialized Pallial Areas for Spatial, Temporal and Emotional Memory in Actinopterygian Fish \u00bb, <em>Brain Research Bulletin<\/em> 66, n<sup>o<\/sup> 4\u20116 (septembre 2005): 277\u201181, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.03.021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.03.021<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"11\"><a href=\"#11'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11'\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> M. Cerqueira et al., \u00ab Cognitive Appraisal of Environmental Stimuli Induces Emotion-like States in Fish \u00bb, <em>Scientific Reports<\/em> 7, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1 (d\u00e9cembre 2017): 13181, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13173-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13173-x<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"12\"><a href=\"#12'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12'\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Paul, Elizabeth &amp; Browne, William &amp; Mendl, Michael &amp; Caplen, Gina &amp; Trevarthen, Anna &amp; Held, Suzanne &amp; Nicol, Christine. (2022). Assessing animal welfare: a triangulation of preference, judgement bias and other candidate welfare indicators. Animal Behaviour. 186.  <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.02.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.02.003<\/a><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"13\"><a href=\"#13'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13'\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Chlo\u00e9 Laubu, Philippe Lou\u00e2pre, et Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont, \u00ab Pair-Bonding Influences Affective State in a Monogamous Fish Species \u00bb, <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/em> 286, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1904 (12 juin 2019): 20190760, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2019.0760\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2019.0760<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"14\"><a href=\"#14'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#14'\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> Culum Brown, \u00ab Fish Intelligence, Sentience and Ethics \u00bb, <em>Animal Cognition<\/em> 18, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1 (janvier 2015): 1\u201117,<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-014-0761-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-014-0761-0<\/a> ; Lynne U. Sneddon et al., \u00ab Fish Sentience Denial: Muddying the Waters \u00bb, <em>Animal Sentience<\/em> 3, n<sup>o<\/sup> 21 (1 janvier 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51291\/2377-7478.1317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51291\/2377-7478.1317<\/a> ; Mendl, Michael &amp; Neville, Vikki &amp; Paul, Elizabeth. (2022). Bridging the Gap: Human Emotions and Animal Emotions. Affective Science. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42761-022-00125-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42761-022-00125-6 <\/a>; Pierre Le Neindre et al., <em>La conscience des animaux<\/em> (\u00e9ditions Quae, 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35690\/978-2-7592-2871-3%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35690\/978-2-7592-2871-3 <\/a>; G. J. Mason et J. M. Lavery, \u00ab What Is It Like to Be a Bass? Red Herrings, Fish Pain and the Study of Animal Sentience \u00bb, <em>Frontiers in Veterinary Science<\/em> 9 (27 avril 2022): 788289, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.788289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.788289<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"15\"><a href=\"#15'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15'\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> Victoria A. Braithwaite, Felicity Huntingford, et Ruud van den Bos, \u00ab Variation in Emotion and Cognition Among Fishes \u00bb, <em>Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics<\/em> 26, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1 (f\u00e9vrier 2013): 7\u201123, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10806-011-9355-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10806-011-9355-x<\/a> ; Chlo\u00e9 Laubu, Philippe Lou\u00e2pre, et Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont, \u00ab Pair-Bonding Influences Affective State in a Monogamous Fish Species \u00bb, <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/em> 286, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1904 (12 juin 2019): 20190760, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2019.0760\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2019.0760<\/a> ; Ibukun Akinrinade et al., \u00ab Oxytocin Regulation of Social Transmission of Fear in Zebrafish Reveals Its Evolutionary Conserved Role in Emotional Contagion \u00bb, preprint (Animal Behavior and Cognition, 6 octobre 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.10.06.463413\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.10.06.463413<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"16\"><a href=\"#16'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#16'\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Noa Truskanov, Yasmin Emery, et Redouan Bshary, \u00ab Juvenile Cleaner Fish Can Socially Learn the Consequences of Cheating \u00bb, <em>Nature Communications<\/em> 11, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1 (d\u00e9cembre 2020): 1159, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-14712-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-14712-3<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#17'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17'\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> Christian Agrillo, Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini, et Angelo Bisazza, \u00ab Numerical Abilities in Fish: A Methodological Review \u00bb, <em>Behavioural Processes<\/em> 141 (ao\u00fbt 2017): 161\u201171, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2017.02.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2017.02.001<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"18\"><a href=\"#18'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#18'\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Lucie H. Salwiczek et Redouan Bshary, \u00ab Cleaner Wrasses Keep Track of the \u2018When\u2019 and \u2018What\u2019 in a Foraging Task1: Cleaner Wrasses Keep Track of the \u2018When\u2019 and \u2018What\u2019 in a Foraging Task \u00bb, <em>Ethology<\/em> 117, n<sup>o<\/sup> 11 (novembre 2011): 939\u201148, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2011.01959.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2011.01959.x<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"19\"><a href=\"#19'\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> Culum Brown, \u00ab Tool Use in Fishes: Tool Use in Fishes \u00bb, <em>Fish and Fisheries<\/em> 13, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1 (mars 2012): 105\u201115, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2011.00451.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2011.00451.x<\/a> ; Michael J. Kuba, Ruth A. Byrne, et Gordon M. Burghardt, \u00ab A New Method for Studying Problem Solving and Tool Use in Stingrays (Potamotrygon Castexi) \u00bb, <em>Animal Cognition<\/em> 13, n<sup>o<\/sup> 3 (mai 2010): 507\u201113, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-009-0301-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-009-0301-5<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"20\"><a href=\"#20'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#20'\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> S. Tebbich, R. Bshary, et A. Grutter, \u00ab Cleaner Fish Labroides Dimidiatus Recognise Familiar Clients \u00bb, <em>Animal Cognition<\/em> 5, n<sup>o<\/sup> 3 (septembre 2002): 139\u201145, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-002-0141-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-002-0141-z<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"21\"><a href=\"#21'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#21'\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> Redouan Bshary et Alexandra S Grutter, \u00ab Punishment and Partner Switching Cause Cooperative Behaviour in a Cleaning Mutualism \u00bb, <em>Biology Letters<\/em> 1, n<sup>o<\/sup> 4 (22 d\u00e9cembre 2005): 396\u201199, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0344<\/a> ; Jan Naef et Michael Taborsky, \u00ab Punishment Controls Helper Defence against Egg Predators but Not Fish Predators in Cooperatively Breeding Cichlids \u00bb, <em>Animal Behaviour<\/em> 168 (octobre 2020): 137\u201147, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.08.006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.08.006<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"22\"><a href=\"#22'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#22'\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> Alexander L. Vail, Andrea Manica, et Redouan Bshary, \u00ab Referential Gestures in Fish Collaborative Hunting \u00bb, <em>Nature Communications<\/em> 4, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1 (juin 2013): 1765, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms2781\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms2781<\/a> ; Alexander L. Vail, Andrea Manica, et Redouan Bshary, \u00ab Fish Choose Appropriately When and with Whom to Collaborate \u00bb, <em>Current Biology<\/em> 24, n<sup>o<\/sup> 17 (septembre 2014): R791\u201193, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.07.033\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.07.033<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"23\"><a href=\"#23'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#23'\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Redouan Bshary et al., \u00ab Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea \u00bb, \u00e9d. par Frans de Waal, <em>PLoS Biology<\/em> 4, n<sup>o<\/sup> 12 (5 d\u00e9cembre 2006): e431, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040431\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040431<\/a> ; Matthew E Arnegard et Bruce A Carlson, \u00ab Electric Organ Discharge Patterns during Group Hunting by a Mormyrid Fish \u00bb, <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/em> 272, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1570 (7 juillet 2005): 1305\u201114, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2005.3101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2005.3101<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"24\"><a href=\"#24'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#24'\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> Gene Helfman, \u00ab Social transmission of behavioural traditions in a coral reef fish \u00bb, <em>Animal Behaviour<\/em> 31, n\u00b02 (mai 1984), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-3472(84)80272-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-3472(84)80272-9<\/a> ; Culum Brown et Kevin N Laland, \u00ab Social Learning in Fishes: A Review \u00bb, <em>Fish and Fisheries<\/em> 4, n<sup>o<\/sup> 3 (septembre 2003): 280\u201188, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1467-2979.2003.00122.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1467-2979.2003.00122.x<\/a> ; Warner, Robert. (1988). Traditionality of mating-site preferences in a coral reef fish. Nature. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/335719a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/335719a0<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"25\"><a href=\"#25'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#25'\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> Lucie H. Salwiczek et al., \u00ab Adult Cleaner Wrasse Outperform Capuchin Monkeys, Chimpanzees and Orang-Utans in a Complex Foraging Task Derived from Cleaner \u2013 Client Reef Fish Cooperation \u00bb, \u00e9d. par Elsa Addessi, <em>PLoS ONE<\/em> 7, n<sup>o<\/sup> 11 (21 novembre 2012): e49068, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049068\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049068<\/a> ; Masanori Kohda et al., \u00ab Further Evidence for the Capacity of Mirror Self-Recognition in Cleaner Fish and the Significance of Ecologically Relevant Marks \u00bb, \u00e9d. par Frans B. M. de Waal, <em>PLOS Biology<\/em> 20, n<sup>o<\/sup> 2 (17 f\u00e9vrier 2022): e3001529, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001529\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001529<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"26\"><a href=\"#26'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#26'\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> Matthew G. Salena et al., \u00ab Understanding Fish Cognition: A Review and Appraisal of Current Practices \u00bb, <em>Animal Cognition<\/em> 24, n<sup>o<\/sup>3 (mai 2021): 395\u2011406, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-021-01488-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-021-01488-2<\/a> ; Becca Franks, Christopher Ewell, et Jennifer Jacquet, \u00ab Animal Welfare Risks of Global Aquaculture \u00bb, <em>Science Advances<\/em> 7, n<sup>o<\/sup>14 (2 avril 2021): eabg0677, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abg0677\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abg0677<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"27\"><a href=\"#27'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#27'\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"http:\/\/fishcount.org.uk\/fish-count-estimates-2\/numbers-of-fish-caught-from-the-wild-each-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/fishcount.org.uk\/fish-count-estimates-2\/numbers-of-fish-caught-from-the-wild-each-year<\/a><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"28\"><a href=\"#28'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#28'\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Eurogroup for Animals (2018). Looking beneath the surface : Fish welfare in european aquaculture<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"29\"><a href=\"#29'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#29'\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/cc0461en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/cc0461en<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54c3019b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54c3019b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41a979df elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41a979df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37a3e87 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"37a3e87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/22-12-Fish-dont-feel-pain-TRUE-or-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download  pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-435bc0e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"435bc0e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeefd9d elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"eeefd9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-speakers\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Fish possess the largest range of olfactory and auditory systems in vertebrates<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-flash\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">It has been shown that bony fish are able to consciously feel pain<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-heart-shape-outline\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Fish are capable of feeling both negative and positive emotions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30f20352 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"30f20352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e444ed4 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e444ed4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KEY FIGURE<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16904102 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16904102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">35k<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43ee5010 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43ee5010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>known<strong> fish species<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20f583da elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"20f583da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b9bca3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2b9bca3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-740dfe42 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"740dfe42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f34b7b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f34b7b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ab96704 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"5ab96704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-11743 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-pets especes-cats media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-purring-cat-is-a-happy-cat-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-24001\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-4-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Illustration_sans_titre-4.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Pets<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/a-purring-cat-is-a-happy-cat-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tA purring cat is a happy cat, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9740 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-animal-welfare media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-common-to-all-animals-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-11174\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/idee-recue-animaux-besoins-02.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Animal welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-common-to-all-animals-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tWelfare is common to all animals, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-17827 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-5-freedoms tag-bientraitance-en tag-definitions-en tag-sensibility themes-animal-welfare media-articles-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/defining-animal-welfare\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-17981\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Animal welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/defining-animal-welfare\/\">\n\t\t\t\tDefining animal welfare\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do you think a fish feels pain? We tell you more!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":16957,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[],"themes":[311,299],"especes":[312],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-12413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","themes-other-animals","themes-pets","especes-fish","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12413","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12413"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12413\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31145,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12413\/revisions\/31145"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16957"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12413"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12413"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12413"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=12413"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=12413"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=12413"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}