{"id":12230,"date":"2022-10-13T09:12:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-13T07:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.ix-dev.eu\/only-bulls-have-horns-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2024-09-06T10:29:46","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T08:29:46","slug":"only-bulls-have-horns-true-or-false","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/only-bulls-have-horns-true-or-false\/","title":{"rendered":"Only bulls have horns, TRUE or FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"12230\" class=\"elementor elementor-12230 elementor-3980\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2efab4dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2efab4dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3abd42 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f3abd42\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19d3ecf9 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"19d3ecf9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fc94f9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1fc94f9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vignette-site-v.1_Plan-de-travail-1-1024x614-1-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-12303\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d6c2ee4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d6c2ee4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f73b9eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f73b9eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545f92b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"545f92b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/vignette-site-v.1_Plan-de-travail-1-1024x614-1-260x260.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-12303\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5742bb25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"5742bb25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">FALSE<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW195001764 BCX2\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW195001764 BCX2\">Cows have horns too!\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-183cc6b0 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"183cc6b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73552965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73552965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ab5735 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1ab5735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-transgender\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Horns are present in both males (bulls) and females (cows)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-comments\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Cattle use their horns to communicate during social interactions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-cut\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Cattle\u2019s horns are removed, either by disbudding or dehorning for safety reasons<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2cow\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Some cattle are born polled, i.e. nautrally hornless<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe7312e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe7312e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are cattle horns? How do they form?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-717481dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"717481dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Horns are permanent <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">bony outgrowths that <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">form and develop on the head of certain breeds of cattle from what is known as the <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8220;horn bud&#8221;<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, which cells then grow into the horn\u2019s core. Up to about <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">6 weeks of age<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, the horn bud <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">floats <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in the skin above the skull, and therefore is not attached to the skull bone. When the calf is about 6 weeks to two months old, <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the horn fuses to the frontal bone of the skull<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. A <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sinus <\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(cavity) appears inside the skull beneath the horn. As the horn grows and fuses to the skull, this frontal sinus extends into the part of the horn adjacent to it. The horn and sinus then share the same mucous membrane. In this way, horns grow throughout a bovine&#8217;s life.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bd1ee1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bd1ee1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f848e89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f848e89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59bce44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"59bce44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-1_cornes_eng-1280x896.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12235\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-1_cornes_eng-1280x896.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-1_cornes_eng-500x350.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-1_cornes_eng-768x538.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-1_cornes_eng-1536x1075.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-1_cornes_eng.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a272ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0a272ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5006f00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5006f00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-2_cornes_eng-1280x883.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12237\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-2_cornes_eng-1280x883.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-2_cornes_eng-500x345.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-2_cornes_eng-768x530.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-2_cornes_eng-1536x1060.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/figure-2_cornes_eng.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f73e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f73e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/normandie.chambres-agriculture.fr\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/National\/FAL_commun\/publications\/Normandie\/elv-ecorner-les-jeunes-bovins.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fiche technique RMT BEA &#8220;Ecorner les jeunes bovins efficacement, facilement et sans douleur&#8221;<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd97959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd97959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Unlike cervid antlers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, bovid horns are <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">permanent<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, consisting of an outer sheath of keratin and a bony core with cavities (sinuses). <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">These horns are present in both males (bulls) and females (cows)<\/span><\/i><\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This area of the head is <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">innervated and richly vascularized, whatever the <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">stage of development: horn bud \u2013 horn core &#8211; horn. This means that destroying the cornual bud or core, or cutting the horn, <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">will generate intense pain <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">for the bovine, which may last <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">several days <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">if left untreated.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f99687c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f99687c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dd2be04 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1dd2be04\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e2c7339 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e2c7339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a0af41d elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"6a0af41d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW93558112 BCX2\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93558112 BCX2\">Unlike cattle, most <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93558112 BCX2\">cervids<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93558112 BCX2\">don't<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93558112 BCX2\"> have horns, but antlers. These antlers are not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW93558112 BCX2\">permanent, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93558112 BCX2\"> fall off every year after the rut.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c688a73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2c688a73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-395f2d65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"395f2d65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is the purpose of horns for cattle?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27aa4339 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27aa4339\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73d37f8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73d37f8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bac33a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6bac33a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Vaches.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11709\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Vaches.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Vaches-500x281.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Vaches-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fcd09c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fcd09c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-582ff3da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"582ff3da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">Cattle use their horns <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">to communicate <\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">during social <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">interactions<sup id=\"1'\"><a href=\"#1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"#2\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">. In a herd made up of horned cattle and other cattle without horns, the horned cattle <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\"><strong>are generally dominant<\/strong><sup id=\"3'\"><a href=\"#3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">but many other factors may come into play, such as <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">genetic factors<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">feed <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">availability, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">social group management<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227555817 BCX2\">, etc<\/span><\/span><\/strong><sup id=\"4'\"><a href=\"#4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d82fd61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d82fd61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, while the presence of horns confers <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a significant<\/span><\/b> <b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">advantage when <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a social order is established, the removal of horns from a <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">well-established group has little \u2013 if any \u2013 effect on relationships<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"5'\"><a href=\"#5\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>. Finally, cows with horns do not show <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">more agonistic behaviors <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(threats, head-butting, etc.) than cows without horns. However, the presence of <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">horns alters the pattern of agonistic interactions<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"6'\"><a href=\"#6\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>: cows with horns generally perform a higher proportion of non-contact interactions, such as <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">threats<\/span><\/b><sup id=\"7'\"><a href=\"#7\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cattle can also use their horns <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">for other purposes<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, such as scratching<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"8'\"><a href=\"#8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>. Breeders have reported that some cattle are able to use them to open headlocks.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30bdf465 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"30bdf465\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6a454b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c6a454b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Do all breeds of cattle have horns? Is it gender-related?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5049bd15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5049bd15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Evidence of the existence of hornless domestic cattle dates <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">back to Ancient history, <\/span><\/b>as <span data-contrast=\"auto\">shown by several scenes in ancient Egyptian tombs. Historically, most cattle in France had horns.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb30a6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb30a6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51d9368 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51d9368\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3c76c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3c76c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">since the 1960s, <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">cattle farming has seen the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">replacement of<\/span><\/b> <strong>traditional<\/strong> <b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">stanchion barns, <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">where cattle are tethered side by side, by <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">free stalls <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">where cattle can move around. This <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">increases the risk of injury <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(among cattle and to the farmer) if animal density is too high and\/or the housing poorly designed<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"9'\"><a href=\"#9\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>. This change in housing has led to <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the need<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, for safety reasons, to raise cattle without horns.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3fbdb6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3fbdb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c71f31b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c71f31b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Stabulations.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11711\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Stabulations.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Stabulations-500x322.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Stabulations-768x495.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bca76e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bca76e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">With the evolution of stalls, the share of cattle without horns <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">has risen to 87% for dairy cows <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(98% of dairy cows housed in free stalls, and 60% of dairy cows housed in stanchion barns) <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and 61% for suckler cows <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(70% of suckler cows housed in free stalls, and 25% of suckler cows housed in stanchion barns)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"10'\"><a href=\"#10\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>. Breeders and livestock professionals use <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">two methods <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to do this:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">destruction of the horn bud <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in calves (<\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">disbudding<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:256,&quot;469777462&quot;:[720],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">destruction of the horn <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">on adult cattle (<\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">dehorning)<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">Disbudding should be preferred to dehorning<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\"><strong><em>.<\/em><\/strong> As the horn is not yet attached to the skull bone and not in contact with the frontal sinus, disbudding <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">is <strong>less invasive <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">than dehorning and is associated <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">with <strong>a lower risk of <\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">hemorrhage<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\"><strong> and infection.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">However, both disbudding and dehorning are <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">sources of pain and associated <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">stress<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\"><strong>,<\/strong> if<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\"> no <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\">anesthetic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126007699 BCX2\"> or analgesic is administered<\/span><\/span><sup id=\"11'\"><a href=\"#11\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8a1540 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8a1540\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-548080c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"548080c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723aa73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"723aa73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"487\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Eleveur-vache.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11713\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Eleveur-vache.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Eleveur-vache-500x304.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Eleveur-vache-768x467.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a099530 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a099530\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56b3470 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56b3470\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">These practices are therefore questioned in terms of animal welfare<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"><strong>.<\/strong> There are s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">everal ways of minimizing pain: <strong>&#8220;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">Suppress, Substitute and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">Soothe&#8221;<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"> as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">promoted<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"> in<strong> the 3S<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"> approach<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"><sup id=\"12'\"><a href=\"#12\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">Practical <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">guidelines<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"><sup id=\"13'\"><a href=\"#13\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"><strong>training courses<\/strong>, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">including <\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW215768021 BCX2\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/formations\/formations-en-presentiel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">one<\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"> created by <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW215768021 BCX2\">a number of<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">our <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">partners <strong>(<\/strong><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">IDELE, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">Chambre<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW215768021 BCX2\">d&#8217;Agriculture<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"> de Bretagne, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW215768021 BCX2\">Chaire<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">bien-<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW215768021 BCX2\">\u00eatre<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"> animal, INRAE&#8230;<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"><strong>)<\/strong>, have been developed to <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">improve techniques <\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\">eliminate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215768021 BCX2\"> pain during and after these procedures<\/span><\/span><sup id=\"14'\"><a href=\"#14\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-708c0b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"708c0b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48027f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d48027f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d0e5ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d0e5ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">Some cattle are <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">born<\/span> <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\"><strong>polled,<\/strong><\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW80091012 BCX2\">i<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW80091012 BCX2\">.e.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\"> naturally hornless. Several exclusively <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">polled <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">breeds of cattle originate from Great Britain, such as the <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">Angus <\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">and <\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">Gallow<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">ay <\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80091012 BCX2\">breeds.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3b8ec1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e3b8ec1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda77ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cda77ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"583\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Photo-bovin-sans-cornes.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11723\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Photo-bovin-sans-cornes.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Photo-bovin-sans-cornes-500x364.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Photo-bovin-sans-cornes-768x560.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Naturally hornless Galloway cattle<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bcd7da3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3bcd7da3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">To avoid having to remove horns from cattle, <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">breeders selected polled<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> cattle, and gradually introduced this trait into several selection schemes for other cattle breeds, such as the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Prim \u2018Holstein<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. The genetic factors underlying this trait have been the subject of numerous scientific studies<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup id=\"15'\"><a href=\"#15\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Polledness is <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a <\/span><\/b><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mendelian <\/span><\/i><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">trait<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, meaning that it is <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">inherited <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">from one generation to the next (from parents to offspring). It is carried by a <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">non-sex chromosome <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(autosome), meaning that whether an animal <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is polled or not is not determined by its sex<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: males and females can be polled or not. What&#8217;s more, polledness is a <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">dominant trait<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, meaning that polled cattle are either <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">homozygous <\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(two copies of the polled allele) or <\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">heterozygous <\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(one copy of the polled allele and one copy of the non-polled allele).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c652748 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c652748\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-590abce elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"590abce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/illustration-allele_cornes_eng.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"illustration allele_cornes_eng\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTIyNTQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIyXC8xMFwvaWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWFsbGVsZV9jb3JuZXNfZW5nLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"662\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/illustration-allele_cornes_eng-1238x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12254\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/illustration-allele_cornes_eng-1238x1024.jpg 1238w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/illustration-allele_cornes_eng-500x414.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/illustration-allele_cornes_eng-768x635.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/illustration-allele_cornes_eng-1536x1270.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/illustration-allele_cornes_eng.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b09a86 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b09a86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeee1c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aeee1c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"497\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/tableau_cornes_eng-1280x795.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12256\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/tableau_cornes_eng-1280x795.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/tableau_cornes_eng-500x311.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/tableau_cornes_eng-768x477.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/tableau_cornes_eng-1536x954.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/tableau_cornes_eng.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab4c563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab4c563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">From all this it follows that:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u25aa<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\ufe0e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Animals carrying a copy of the polled allele (heterozygous animals) will pass it on to an average of 75% of their offspring (50% will be polled heterozygous and 25% polled homozygous), who will therefore be born hornless.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u25aa<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\ufe0e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> When two polled animals mate, around 75% of resulting offspring are polled, but this percentage can rise to 100% if one of the parents carries two copies of the polled allele (homozygous).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:256}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u25aa<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\ufe0e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Animals that develop horns after birth cannot transmit the polled allele, and when two such animals are mated, none of their offspring will be polled.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2b6fc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1e2b6fc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dff4d2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3dff4d2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In conclusion<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60937d1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"60937d1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/derniere-illustration_cornes_eng.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"dernie\u0300re illustration_cornes_eng\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTIyNjEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIyXC8xMFwvZGVybmllcmUtaWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uX2Nvcm5lc19lbmcuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/derniere-illustration_cornes_eng.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12261\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/derniere-illustration_cornes_eng.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/derniere-illustration_cornes_eng-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/derniere-illustration_cornes_eng-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/derniere-illustration_cornes_eng-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/derniere-illustration_cornes_eng-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/derniere-illustration_cornes_eng-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78797dd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"78797dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542e204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"542e204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Research studied by <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/la-chaire-bea\/lequipe2-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alice de Boyer des Roches<\/a><\/strong>, zootechnics and animal welfare professor<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1559b9d8 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1559b9d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d0c7c4c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"4d0c7c4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\"><p><sup id=\"1\"><a href=\"#1'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1'\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Knierim, U., N. Irrgang, and B.A. Roth. 2015. To be or not to be horned\u2014Consequences in cattle. Livestock Science 179:29\u201337. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.05.014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.05.014<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"2\"><a href=\"#1'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1'\">[2] <\/a><\/sup>Lutz, J., J.-B. Burla, L. Gygax, B. Wechsler, H. W\u00fcrbel, and K. Friedli. 2019. Horned and dehorned dairy cows differ in the pattern of agonistic interactions investigated under different space allowances. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 218:104819. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2019.05.008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2019.05.008<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"3\"><a href=\"#3'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3'\">[3] <\/a><\/sup>Bouissou, M.F., A. Boissy, P. Le Neindre, and I. Veissier. 2001. The social behaviour of cattle. L.J. Keeling and H.W. Gonyou, ed. CAB International, Oxon, UK.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"4\"><a href=\"#4'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4'\">[4] <\/a><\/sup>Review Knierim and al., 2015<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"5\"><a href=\"#5'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5'\">[5] <\/a><\/sup>Bouissou et al., 2001<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"6\"><a href=\"#6'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6'\">[6] <\/a><\/sup>Knierim et al., 2015<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"7\"><a href=\"#7'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7'\">[7] <\/a><\/sup>Lutz et al., 2019<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"8\"><a href=\"#8'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#8'\">[8] <\/a><\/sup>Knierim et al., 2015<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"9\"><a href=\"#9'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9'\">[9]\u00a0<\/a><\/sup>It should be noted that today, tie-stalls are still very present in mountain areas in Europe and North America.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"10\"><a href=\"#10'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10'\">[10] <\/a><\/sup>Kling-Eveillard, F., A.C. Dockes, D. Ribaud, and L. Mirabito. 2009. Cattle dehorning in France: farmers\u2019 practices and attitudes. Rencontres Recherche Ruminants 16:249\u2013252<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"11\"><a href=\"#11'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11'\">[11] <\/a><\/sup>Herskin, M.S., and B.H. Nielsen. 2018. Welfare Effects of the Use of a Combination of Local Anesthesia and NSAID for Disbudding Analgesia in Dairy Calves\u2014Reviewed Across Different Welfare Concerns. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 5:117. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2018.00117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2018.00117<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"12\"><a href=\"#12'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12'\">[12] <\/a><\/sup>Guatteo, R., O. Levionnois, D. Fournier, D. Gu\u00e9men\u00e9, K. Latouche, C. Leterrier, P. Morm\u00e8de, A. Prunier, J. Servi\u00e8re, C. Terlouw, and P.L. Neindre. 2012. Minimising pain in farm animals: the 3S approach \u2013 \u2018Suppress, Substitute, Soothe\u2019. animal 6:1261\u20131274. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731112000262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731112000262<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"13\"><a href=\"#13'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13'\">[13] <\/a><\/sup>Alcasde. 2009. Final recommendations to DG SANCO regarding the alternatives to the dehorning.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"14\"><a href=\"#14'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#14'\">[14] <\/a><\/sup>Le Gu\u00e9nic, M., G. Trou, J. Fran\u00e7ois, A. Aupiais, A. de Boyer des Roches, B. Mounaix, and F. Kling-Eveillard. 2016. Evolutions des pratiques et des repr\u00e9sentations suite \u00e0 la formation \u00ab J\u2019\u00e9corne facilement, efficacement et sans douleur \u00bb. Rencontres Recherche Ruminants 23:310.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"15\"><a href=\"#15'\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15'\">[15] <\/a><\/sup>Review of Prayaga, K.C. 2007. Genetic options to replace dehorning in beef cattle\u2014a review. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 58:1. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AR06044\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AR06044<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e2d479 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e2d479\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45341da5 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45341da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2297e6 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b2297e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/22-10-Only-bulls-have-horns-TRUE-or-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download  pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1df62777 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1df62777\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25f7ad65 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"25f7ad65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-transgender\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Horns are present in both males (bulls) and females (cows)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-comments\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Cattle use their horns to communicate during social interactions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-cut\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Cattle\u2019s horns are removed, either by disbudding or dehorning for safety reasons<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2cow\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Some cattle are born polled, i.e. nautrally hornless<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94055ee elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"94055ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39c7a09c elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39c7a09c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KEY FIGURE<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e9d1d elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13e9d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">87%<\/span>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4632e6d2 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4632e6d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>is the share of <strong>dairy cows without horns<\/strong> in France<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e077aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2e077aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713f86df e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"713f86df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fc4c330 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5fc4c330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10c0bde9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10c0bde9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a82f9e7 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"3a82f9e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12078 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-farm-animals themes-farming-101 themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-24006\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tGrazing animals are necessarily happy, TRUE OR FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-17726 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-animaux-delevage tag-bovins-en tag-eleveurs-en tag-farm-animals tag-ruminants-en tag-sensibility themes-farm-animals especes-cows media-infographics-en\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/species-sheet-all-about-dairy-cows\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-18108\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-fiche-espece-vache-laitiere.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/species-sheet-all-about-dairy-cows\/\">\n\t\t\t\tSpecies sheet \u2013 All about dairy cows!\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-10124 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-animaux-delevage-en tag-bovins-en tag-farm-animals tag-ruminants-en themes-farm-animals especes-cows media-popular-beliefs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/dairy-cows-spontaneously-produce-milk-all-year-round-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-10098\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ID-recue-lait-V2.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Farm animals<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/dairy-cows-spontaneously-produce-milk-all-year-round-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tDairy cows spontaneously produce milk all year round, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do you think only bulls have horns? We answer!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3982,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[],"themes":[282,283],"especes":[296],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-12230","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","themes-farm-animals","themes-farming-101","especes-cows","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12230","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12230"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12230\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30437,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12230\/revisions\/30437"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3982"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12230"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12230"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12230"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=12230"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=12230"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=12230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}