{"id":12078,"date":"2022-09-08T08:15:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-08T06:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.ix-dev.eu\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/"},"modified":"2024-09-06T10:24:56","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T08:24:56","slug":"grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-true-or-false\/","title":{"rendered":"Grazing animals are necessarily happy, TRUE OR FALSE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"12078\" class=\"elementor elementor-12078 elementor-3749\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24baabd4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"24baabd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3198c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3198c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64e36899 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64e36899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450a1d2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"450a1d2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-24006\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25d69148 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"25d69148\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6236f50c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6236f50c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-711403b9 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"711403b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-260x260.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-24006\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Illustration_sans_titre.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e7bf69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"71e7bf69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">FALSE<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Animal welfare on pasture is generally better but not necessarily optimal<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fb2ba52 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fb2ba52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47dbde82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47dbde82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94fb5b0 elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"94fb5b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-warning\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Access to grazing presents benefits for animal welfare, but also risks<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2pig\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"> Animals can easily express their natural behaviors while grazing <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bug\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Outdoor animals are more prone to heat stress, an imbalance in their diet and diseases caused by parasites<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-sun\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">When given the choice, animals often favor outdoor<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7118da70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7118da70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pasture-based livestock farming, i.e.,\u00a0<strong>access to a grassy area<\/strong>, is generally perceived by the general public as\u00a0<strong>better from\u00a0<\/strong>the<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>animal welfare point of view, since it may allow more freedom of movement<sup id=\"1#\"><a href=\"#1\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>. Indeed, grazing provides an environment that is considered\u00a0<strong>natural<\/strong>, as well as a greater possibility of expressing\u00a0<strong>species-specific behaviors,\u00a0<\/strong>when compared to\u00a0indoor rearing<sup id=\"2#\"><a href=\"#2\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc80162 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cc80162\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2071e199 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2071e199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f074068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f074068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Vache-mange-Alpes.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11527\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Vache-mange-Alpes.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Vache-mange-Alpes-500x375.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Vache-mange-Alpes-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1646347b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1646347b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64884b4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64884b4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, the benefits of pasture-based livestock farming depend\u00a0<strong>on the type of\u00a0outdoor<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>access\u00a0<\/strong>that is provided and\u00a0<strong>the\u00a0environmental<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>conditions. <\/strong>Indeed,\u00a0whether in a building or on pasture,\u00a0<strong>the welfare of animals depends in part on the conditions in which they are kept\u00a0<\/strong>(available space, sleeping comfort, access to food and water, temperature, etc.). Therefore, there may be cases where indoor animals have a better level of welfare than animals on pasture and vice versa! Furthermore, it should not be forgotten that welfare\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal_eng\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>depends on the perception of\u00a0<\/strong>each animal<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/comment-evaluer-le-bien-etre-animal_eng\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">that it must be\u00a0<strong>evaluated<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0in each situation to be sure that it is fulfilled.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b07e82a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b07e82a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, as we shall see, it can be reasonably argued that an\u00a0<strong>optimal state of welfare is easier to\u00a0<\/strong>achieve on pasture than in a building \u2013 provided certain conditions are\u00a0<strong>met.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Indeed, like indoor livestock farming, grazing presents\u00a0<strong>benefits for the welfare of animals but also a certain number of risks,\u00a0<\/strong>regardless of the species considered: cows<sup id=\"3#\"><a href=\"#3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0\u00a0pigs<sup id=\"4#\"><a href=\"#4\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0\u00a0poultry<sup id=\"5#\"><a href=\"#5\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0, goats or sheep<sup id=\"6#\"><a href=\"#6\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e0ad486 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e0ad486\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-649a856e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"649a856e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e47e75d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e47e75d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37b621cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"37b621cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Not all pastures are equal!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The benefits of pasture on animal welfare depend on environmental conditions. Pasture paddocks can vary greatly in terms of <strong>the quantity and quality<\/strong> of grass available, the <strong>amount of shade,<\/strong> animal <strong>density,<\/strong> access to <strong>shelter,<\/strong> the number <strong>of watering points,<\/strong> the availability of<strong> scratching posts,<\/strong> etc. All of which directly impacts the welfare of animals.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f90c18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f90c18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed75585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ed75585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage-768x427.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-11686\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage-768x427.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage-500x278.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage-1280x711.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage-1536x854.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-412c6a8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"412c6a8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e28022c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e28022c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The risks and benefits of grazing with regard to animal welfare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19eca872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"19eca872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">On animal welfare<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-641437ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"641437ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Access to pasture has\u00a0<strong>multiple advantages\u00a0<\/strong>for animals in terms of\u00a0<strong>expressing their natural behaviors<\/strong>. For instance, cows on pasture can\u00a0<strong>graze<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 which is a\u00a0<strong>natural behavior important\u00a0<\/strong>for their welfare \u2013 while they cannot in a barn. Similarly, pigs on pasture can\u00a0<strong>root and graze\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013\u00a0behaviors which are not possible indoors. Ground rooting is considered <strong><em>a\u00a0behavioral need\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>for pigs<a href=\"#7\"><sup id=\"7#\">[7]<\/sup><\/a>. <strong>A behavioral need is defined as the need to perform a behavior, i.e., the animal is highly motivated to perform that behavior.<\/strong>\u00a0Prolonged inability to perform that behavior can be detrimental to the animal&#8217;s welfare, causing, namely, frustration<a href=\"#8\"><sup id=\"8#\">[8]<\/sup><\/a>. In the case of poultry, free range farming allows them to express certain natural behaviors such as scratching the ground, running, flapping their wings, but also the possibility of dust bathing or sunbathing<sup id=\"9#\"><a href=\"#9\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea0ad25 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea0ad25\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-431e37b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"431e37b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5d2f09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e5d2f09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Leche.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11529\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-038d3f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"038d3f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82878ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82878ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finally, it has also been shown that animals with access to pasture express <strong>less aggression among themselves\u00a0<\/strong>(e.g. cows<sup id=\"10#\"><a href=\"#10\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> and goats<sup id=\"11#\"><a href=\"#11\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>). You may want to watch\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/interview-terre-darjoux-elevage-de-porcs-plein-air\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this video, shot at the Terre d&#8217;Arjoux<\/a>\u00a0organic pig farm, in which two farmers explain that they observe\u00a0<strong>little cannibalism between pigs (tail, ears). <\/strong>Conversely, cannibalism between pigs is often\u00a0<strong>observed in buildings,\u00a0<\/strong>which sometimes leads farmers to practice tail docking (cutting the tail).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ff1c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ff1c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the same way, when hens are raised with access to the open air, beak trimming (shortening the beak to reduce the risk of &#8220;pecking&#8221; between birds due to excessive indoor proximity) is not systematically practiced, whereas it is commonly done when hens are raised indoors<sup id=\"12#\"><a href=\"#12\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>. This practice is the cause of acute but also chronic pain and has negative consequences on the welfare of animals. The beak is particularly important for the expression of certain behaviors such as feeding, smoothing of feathers and the elimination of certain external parasites<sup id=\"13#\"><a href=\"#13\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>In general, grazing provides\u00a0<strong>a richer and more stimulating environment for\u00a0<\/strong>animals to\u00a0<strong>express their natural behaviors.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3f4eb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3f4eb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97021a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"97021a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9231 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cbb9231\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-711b0a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"711b0a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pigs also graze on grass!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For example, it has been estimated that pregnant sows on pasture eat about <strong>8kg of grass per day.<\/strong> And like cows, pigs prefer certain types of forages: they prefer <strong>legumes<\/strong> (e.g. clover) over <strong>grasses<\/strong> (e.g. fescue), or <strong>fresh grass<\/strong> over hay<a href=\"#14\">[14]<\/a>. However, grass cannot be the only food in their diet since they are <strong>omnivores<\/strong> and not herbivores.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d66d6a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d66d6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5058e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5058e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"496\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochons-photos-500x496.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-11688\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochons-photos-500x496.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochons-photos-1033x1024.png 1033w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochons-photos-768x761.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochons-photos.png 1271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ac47c38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4ac47c38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d1886ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d1886ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">On animal comfort<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ebf38d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ebf38d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pasture offers\u00a0<strong>better lying comfort\u00a0<\/strong>for cows, and presumably for other animals as well. <strong>The\u00a0lying area is\u00a0<\/strong>generally\u00a0<strong>better<\/strong> in terms of surface and\u00a0<strong>more comfortable\u00a0<\/strong>compared to a barn. Access to pasture also gives the animals <strong>more freedom of movement<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f322526 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f322526\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56cd8ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56cd8ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1389258 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1389258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"496\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Froid.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11602\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Froid.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Froid-500x310.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Froid-768x476.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02048e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"02048e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-309e318 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"309e318\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the main challenges for animals welfare in a open air is <strong>heat stress<\/strong><sup id=\"15#\"><a href=\"#15\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>. Animals can be confronted with temperatures that are\u00a0<strong>outside their comfort zone\u00a0<\/strong>(too low or too high, depending on the region).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bed3d96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3bed3d96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is important to provide them with\u00a0<strong>shelter\u00a0<\/strong>from heat, cold and rain, such as hedges, trees, or simply leaving free access to the building. Access to the building should be encouraged, especially during the day when it&#8217;s very hot. For example, cows in the winter, <strong>tolerate wet cold less than<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>dry cold<\/strong>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/cold-weather-is-expected-quick-we-should-move-the-cows-inside-true-or-false\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">see our previous article on this subject<\/a>)! For pigs more specifically, the possibility to\u00a0<strong>wallow in the mud is essential\u00a0<\/strong>to\u00a0<strong>regulate\u00a0<\/strong>their temperature during hot periods. Indeed, it is the preferred mode of thermoregulation for this species. In fact, a study showed that pregnant sows<sup id=\"16#\"><a href=\"#16\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>, preferred\u00a0\u00a0mud holes to shade during hot periods.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4503f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b4503f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89761db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"89761db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55407ad elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"55407ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/picto-ampoule-blanche-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-349641d elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"349641d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Did you know?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pigs cannot regulate their temperature by sweating.<\/strong> Therefore, in case of high heat, they will do so by adapting their behavior - namely <strong>reducing their activity,<\/strong> seeking<strong> shade<\/strong> or wallowing <strong>in the mud.<\/strong> Indeed, through the process of evaporation, the mud allows to decrease their body temperature. In addition, protect them from <strong>getting sunburnt!<\/strong> Access to a mud pit is therefore very important for the welfare of pigs.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76ea168 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76ea168\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ec618e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5ec618e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"218\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochon-boue-500x218.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-11690\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochon-boue-500x218.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochon-boue-768x334.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Cochon-boue.png 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bec0c62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6bec0c62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-554f6635 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"554f6635\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">On food<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5749d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f5749d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Because of\u00a0<strong>the variation <\/strong>in\u00a0the quality and quantity of available grass on pasture, adequate feeding exclusively from pasture can be complicated. In particular, there is an increased risk of\u00a0<strong>poor\u00a0<\/strong>ration\u00a0<strong>balance.\u00a0<\/strong>For instance,\u00a0<strong>dairy cows\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong>especially those with high milk production \u2013 seem to be\u00a0<strong>at greater risk <\/strong>of\u00a0nutritional deficiencies<sup id=\"17#\"><a href=\"#17\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-328408b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"328408b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0644efe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0644efe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce734cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce734cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In addition, the distances and areas to be covered often make it <strong>difficult to carry the water <\/strong>to the\u00a0various places and to maintain the water points \u2013 which can lead to a sub-optimal quantity and quality of available water. Another difficulty may be controlling water temperature. Animals are less likely to drink water that is too hot (pigs<sup id=\"18#\"><a href=\"#18\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> and poultry<sup id=\"19#\"><a href=\"#19\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>).\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40c4dc6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40c4dc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b617d38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b617d38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11604\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage-500x250.jpg 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Paysage-768x384.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d520fc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3d520fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e414a08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e414a08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">On heath-related aspects<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7849acc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7849acc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Depending on different species, there are\u00a0<strong>benefits and risks in terms of health\u00a0<\/strong>(cows<sup id=\"20#\"><a href=\"#20\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0\u00a0pigs<sup id=\"21#\"><a href=\"#21\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0\u00a0poultry, goats and sheep<sup id=\"22#\"><a href=\"#22\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>).\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0d24ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e0d24ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-698de99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"698de99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Analyse-1-500x320.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-11608\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Analyse-1-500x320.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Analyse-1-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Analyse-1.png 912w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaa0cc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aaa0cc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With regard to the benefits, there is generally\u00a0<strong>less lameness, mastitis\u00a0<\/strong>(inflammation of the udder),\u00a0<strong>lesions, calving problems and mortality\u00a0<\/strong>in cows on pasture than in indoor housing<sup id=\"23#\"><a href=\"#23\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>. There is also less lameness in poultry<sup id=\"24#\"><a href=\"#24\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> and pigs<sup id=\"25#\"><a href=\"#25\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>. Outdoor rearing\u00a0<strong>reduces disease transmission\u00a0<\/strong>between animals due to lower density and therefore less proximity between animals<sup id=\"26#\"><a href=\"#26\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>. For example, pigs raised outdoors have\u00a0<strong>fewer respiratory problems and fewer intestinal diseases\u00a0<\/strong>than pigs raised indoors<sup id=\"27#\"><a href=\"#27\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>. Similarly, goats with access to pasture have less caseous lymphadenitis (bacterial disease) than goats kept indoors. This is probably due to the closer contact between indoor animals, which facilitates the transmission of diseases<sup id=\"28#\"><a href=\"#28\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>. In general, pasture rearing allows one to avoid the risks of poor ventilation in buildings. Indeed, lack of ventilation can promote the transmission of infectious agents by air (pigs<sup id=\"29#\"><a href=\"#29\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and cattle<sup id=\"30#\"><a href=\"#30\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>). Poor air quality can also cause respiratory tract irritation due to high levels of gases such as ammonia (pigs and poultry<sup id=\"31#\"><a href=\"#31\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4bfb0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8b4bfb0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d171d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d171d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4937393 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4937393\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Tiques.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11615\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Tiques.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Tiques-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Tiques-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Tiques-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0769da2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0769da2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-272972d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"272972d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, when grazing, there is a greater\u00a0<strong>risk of parasitism\u00a0<\/strong>and contact with wild animals as well as with animals from neighboring farms, which can lead to the\u00a0<strong>transmission of various diseases\u00a0<\/strong>(pigs<sup id=\"32#\"><a href=\"#32\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>, cows<sup id=\"33#\"><a href=\"#33\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>, goats and sheep<sup id=\"34#\"><a href=\"#34\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>). <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbae069 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bbae069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Outdoor animals are more prone\u00a0<strong>to infection by internal parasites\u00a0<\/strong>(e.g. intestinal worms) and\u00a0<strong>external parasites\u00a0<\/strong>(e.g. ticks) due to the more favorable environmental conditions for the development and survival of parasites<sup id=\"35#\"><a href=\"#35\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> and the difficulty of controlling them in the outdoor environment. For example, infection rates for internal parasites (e.g., Ascaris) are generally\u00a0<strong>higher in pigs\u00a0<\/strong>raised outdoors than in pigs raised indoors<sup id=\"36#\"><a href=\"#36\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>. Similarly, outdoor hens are\u00a0<strong>more infested with red mite<\/strong>, an external parasite, than indoor hens<sup id=\"37#\"><a href=\"#37\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>. Regarding wildlife transmission,\u00a0<strong>wild boars and rodents are &#8220;reservoirs&#8221;\u00a0<\/strong>for many pathogens that can be transmitted to pigs<sup id=\"38#\"><a href=\"#38\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>. Poultry are also concerned by\u00a0<strong>possible contamination\u00a0<\/strong>by wildlife<sup id=\"39#\"><a href=\"#39\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, it should be noted that outdoor poultry farming may mean higher predation risk. For example, depending on the region, poultry can be threatened by foxes, badgers, martens or even certain birds of prey. According to a study<sup id=\"40#\"><a href=\"#40\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>, the mortality of poultry due to predation can\u00a0<strong>be higher than 6%<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1daf667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1daf667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39858bb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39858bb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What if we asked them directly?\u00a0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e011cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e011cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Research was conducted to determine whether animals preferred to be kept outdoors or indoors and to test their motivation to go out.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4fac46 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4fac46\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f2b8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a5f2b8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcc6e6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dcc6e6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Saute.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11617\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Saute.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Saute-500x326.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Saute-768x501.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d72de00 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d72de00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-182dc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"182dc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>On farms where cows are kept indoors for the winter, when the weather is fine and they reach the pasture, they show positive emotions: it is sometimes referred to as the\u00a0<\/em><strong><em>&#8220;cows caracole&#8221;.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dfb4c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3dfb4c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b55a476 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b55a476\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Motivation to go out<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb0f23c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bb0f23c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In motivation tests, cows worked (i.e., pushed a weighted gate) at least\u00a0<strong>as much\u00a0<\/strong>to access pasture as to access adapted food, and even more to go outside in the evening<sup id=\"41#\"><a href=\"#41\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>. This indicates an overall\u00a0<strong>high motivation for cows\u00a0<\/strong>to access the pasture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-281d1cfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"281d1cfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29cb91d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29cb91d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grazing vs indoors?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95c6d22 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"95c6d22\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bd6ca1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2bd6ca1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d4a720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d4a720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When given the choice, cows generally spend\u00a0<strong>more time on a grassland\u00a0<\/strong>than in a building, especially at\u00a0<strong>night<\/strong><sup id=\"42#\"><a href=\"#42\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>. Previous work has shown that dairy cows generally choose to stay indoors during the day, especially when temperatures and humidity are high, but\u00a0<strong>will spend most of their time on pasture at night\u00a0<\/strong>if they have the occasion<sup id=\"43#\"><a href=\"#43\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05c1d64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05c1d64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20a3556 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"20a3556\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Nuit.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11619\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Nuit.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Nuit-500x306.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Nuit-768x470.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-133cc45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"133cc45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d55ee3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d55ee3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c4095e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7c4095e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/illustration-finale-1536x1115-1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"illustration-finale-1536x1115\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTIwNjcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9jaGFpcmUtYmVhLnZldGFncm8tc3VwLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIyXC8wOVwvaWxsdXN0cmF0aW9uLWZpbmFsZS0xNTM2eDExMTUtMS5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1115\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/illustration-finale-1536x1115-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12067\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/illustration-finale-1536x1115-1.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/illustration-finale-1536x1115-1-500x363.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/illustration-finale-1536x1115-1-1280x929.png 1280w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/illustration-finale-1536x1115-1-768x558.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d616169 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d616169\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fb1b2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fb1b2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In general, it should be kept in mind that the welfare of animals depends on the environmental conditions and on good pasture management&#8230; and that the situation must always be\u00a0<em>evaluated\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>adapted<\/em>!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b63d384 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2b63d384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0064f8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0064f8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Study research by <strong data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\">Lydiane Aub\u00e9<\/strong>, post-doctorant student of Chaire bien-\u00eatre animal<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b037b62 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5b037b62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fef7ac3 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"7fef7ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\"><p><sup id=\"1\"><a href=\"#1#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1#\">[1]<\/a> <\/sup>Fraser, David, Ian J. H. Duncan, Sandra A. Edwards, Temple Grandin, Neville G. Gregory, Vincent Guyonnet, Paul H. Hemsworth, et al. 2013.\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0General Principles for the Welfare of Animals in Production Systems: The Underlying Science and Its Application\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<em>The Veterinary Journal<\/em>\u00a0198 (1): 19\u201127. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.06.028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.06.028<\/a> ; Reli\u0307\u0107, Renata, Evangelia Sossi\u0307dou, Anna Dedousi\u0307, Lidija Peri\u0307\u0107, \u0130vana Bo\u017ei\u0307\u010dkovi\u0307\u0107, et Mirjana \u0110uki\u0307\u0107-Stoj\u010di\u0307\u0107. 2019. \u00ab\u00a0Behavioral and Health Problems of Poultry Related to Rearing Systems\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<em>Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Veteriner Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi<\/em>\u00a066 (4): 423\u201128. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33988\/auvfd.597496\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33988\/auvfd.597496<\/a> ; Sossidou, E.N., A. Dal Bosco, H.A. Elson, et C.M.G.A. Fontes.\u00a02011. \u00ab\u00a0Pasture-Based Systems for Poultry Production: Implications and Perspectives\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<em>World\u2019s Poultry Science Journal<\/em>\u00a067 (1): 47\u201158. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0043933911000043\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0043933911000043<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"2\"><a href=\"#2#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#2#\">[2] <\/a><\/sup>Barnett, J.L., Hemsworth, P.H., Cronin, G.M., Jongman, E.C., Hutson, G.D., 2001. A review of the welfare issues for sows and piglets in relation to housing. Australian journal of agricultural research 52, 1\u201328<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"3\"><a href=\"#3#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3#\">[3] <\/a><\/sup>Arnott, G., Ferris, C.P., O\u2019Connell, N.E., 2017. Review: welfare of dairy cows in continuously housed and pasture-based production systems. Animal 11, 261\u2013273. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731116001336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731116001336<\/a> ; Mee, J.F., Boyle, L., 2020. Assessing whether dairy cow welfare is \u2018better\u2019 in pasture-based than in confinement-based management systems. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 1\u201324<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"4\"><a href=\"#4#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4#\">[4] <\/a><\/sup>Delsart, M., Pol, F., Dufour, B., Rose, N., Fablet, C., 2020. Pig farming in alternative systems: strengths and challenges in terms of animal welfare, biosecurity, animal health and pork safety. Agriculture 10, 261 ; Pietrosemoli, S., Tang, C., 2020. Animal Welfare and Production Challenges Associated with Pasture Pig Systems: A Review. Agriculture 10, 223. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture10060223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture10060223<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"5\"><a href=\"#5#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#5#\">[5] <\/a><\/sup>Sossidou, E.N., Bosco, A.D., Castellini, C., Grashorn, M.A., 2015. Effects of pasture management on poultry welfare and meat quality in organic poultry production systems. World\u2019s Poultry Science Journal 71, 375\u2013384. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0043933915000379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0043933915000379<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"6\"><a href=\"#6#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#6#\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Sevi, A., Casamassima, D., Pulina, G., Pazzona, A., 2009. Factors of welfare reduction in dairy sheep and goats. Italian Journal of Animal Science 8, 81\u2013101 ; Tiezzi, F., Tomassone, L., Mancin, G., Cornale, P., Tarantola, M., 2019. The Assessment of Housing Conditions, Management, Animal-Based Measure of Dairy Goats\u2019 Welfare and Its Association with Productive and Reproductive Traits. Animals 9, 893.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9110893\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9110893<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"7\"><a href=\"#7#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#7#\">[7] <\/a><\/sup>Horrell, R.I., A\u2019Ness, P.J., Edwards, S.A., Eddison, J.C., 2001. The Use of Nose-Rings in Pigs: Consequences for Rooting, Other Functional Activities, and Welfare. Animal Welfare 10, 3\u201322<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"8\"><a href=\"#8#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#8#\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><strong>\u00a0A behavioral need is defined as the need to perform a behavior, i.e., the animal is highly motivated to express that behavior.<\/strong> The prolonged impossibility of expressing this behavior can be detrimental to the animal&#8217;s welfare by causing frustration. Voir Friend, T., 1989. Recognizing behavioral needs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 22, 151\u2013158 ; Jensen, P., Toates, F.M., 1993. Who needs \u2018behavioural needs\u2019? Motivational aspects of the needs of animals. Applied animal behaviour science 37, 161\u2013181<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"9\"><a href=\"#9#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#9#\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Sossidou et al., 2011 ; Lay, D. C., R. M. Fulton, P. Y. Hester, D. M. Karcher, J. B. Kjaer, J. A. Mench, B. A. Mullens, et al. 2011. \u00ab\u00a0Hen Welfare in Different Housing Systems\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<em>Poultry Science<\/em>\u00a090 (1): 278\u201194. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.2010-00962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.2010-00962<\/a> ; Reli\u0307\u0107 et al. 2019<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"10\"><a href=\"#10#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#10#\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Arnott et al., 2017<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"11\"><a href=\"#11#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#11#\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> Tiezzi et al., 2019<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"12\"><a href=\"#12#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#12#\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Sossidou et al, 2011 ; Janczak, Andrew M., et Anja B. Riber. 2015. \u00ab\u00a0Review of Rearing-Related Factors Affecting the Welfare of Laying Hens\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<em>Poultry Science<\/em>\u00a094 (7): 1454\u201169.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pev123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pev123<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"13\"><a href=\"#13#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#13#\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Janczak et Riber 2015<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"14\"><a href=\"#14#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#14#\">[14] <\/a><\/sup>Aub\u00e9, L., 2020. Les fourrages dans l\u2019alimentation des truies en gestation\u202f: pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences, performances et comportement alimentaire au p\u00e2turage (PhD Thesis). Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"15\"><a href=\"#15#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#15#\">[15] <\/a><\/sup>Pietrosemoli and Tang, 2020 ; Arnott et al, 2017<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"16\"><a href=\"#16#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#16#\">[16] <\/a><\/sup>Baert, S., Aub\u00e9, L., Haley, D.B., Bergeron, R., Devillers, N., 2022.\u00a0To wallow or nurse: Sows housed outdoors have distinctive approaches to thermoregulation in gestation and lactation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 248, 105575. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.105575\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.105575<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"17\"><a href=\"#17#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#17#\">[17] <\/a><\/sup>Nakajima, N., Yayota, M., 2019. Grazing and cattle health: a nutritional, physiological, and immunological status perspective. Animal Behaviour and Management 55, 143\u2013153 ; Olmos, G., Mee, J.F., Hanlon, A., Patton, J., Murphy, J.J., Boyle, L., 2009. Peripartum health and welfare of Holstein-Friesian cows in a confinement-TMR system compared to a pasture-based system. Animal Welfare 18, 467\u2013476<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"18\"><a href=\"#18#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#18#\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Delsart et al, 2020<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"19\"><a href=\"#19#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#19#\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> Miao, Z., Glatz, P., Ru, Y., 2005. Free-range Poultry Production &#8211; A Review. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/AJAS.2005.113\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/AJAS.2005.113<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"20\"><a href=\"#20#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#20#\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>Arnott et al., 2017; Mee and Boyle, 2020<\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"21\"><a href=\"#21#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#21#\">[21] <\/a><\/sup>Delsart et al., 2020; Pietrosemoli and Tang, 2020<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"22\"><a href=\"#22#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#22#\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> Sevi et al., 2009; Tiezzi et al., 2019<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"23\"><a href=\"#23#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#23#\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Arnott et al., 2017; Mee and Boyle, 2020<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"24\"><a href=\"#24#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#24#\">[24] <\/a><\/sup>Sossidou el al, 2011<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"25\"><a href=\"#25#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#25#\">[25] <\/a><\/sup>Delsart et al, 2020<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"26\"><a href=\"#26#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#26#\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> Honeyman, M., Weber, L., 1996. Swine system options for Iowa. Iowa State University: Aldo Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture Animal Science II [B], May 3\u20134<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"27\"><a href=\"#27#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#27#\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> Barnett et al., 2001; Salajpal, K., Karolyi, D., Lukovi\u0107, Z., 2013. Sanitary aspects of outdoor farming systems. Acta Agric. Slov. Suppl 4, 109\u2013117; Salajpal et al., 2013<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"28\"><a href=\"#28#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#28#\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Tiezzi et al., 2019<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"29\"><a href=\"#29#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#29#\">[29]b<\/a><\/sup>Delsart et al, 2020; Park, Hyun-Suk, Byungrok Min, et Sang-Hyon Oh. 2017.\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Research Trends in Outdoor Pig Production &#8211; A Review\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<em>Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences<\/em>\u00a030 (9): 1207\u201114. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/ajas.17.0330\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/ajas.17.0330<\/a><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"30\"><a href=\"#30#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#30#\">[30] <\/a><\/sup>Fraser et al, 2013<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"31\"><a href=\"#31#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#31#\">[31]<\/a> <\/sup>Fraser et al, 2013<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"32\"><a href=\"#32#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#32#\">[32] <\/a><\/sup>Honeyman, 1991; Salajpal et al., 2013<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"33\"><a href=\"#33#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#33#\">[33] <\/a><\/sup>Arnott et al., 2017<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"34\"><a href=\"#34#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#34#\">[34] <\/a><\/sup>Sevi et al., 2009<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"35\"><a href=\"#35#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#35#\">[35] <\/a><\/sup>Salajpal et al., 2013<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"36\"><a href=\"#36#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#36#\">[36] <\/a><\/sup>Thamsborg, S.M., Roepstorff, A., Larsen, M., 1999. Integrated and biological control of parasites in organic and conventional production systems. Veterinary parasitology 84, 169\u2013186<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"37\"><a href=\"#37#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#37#\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> Knierim, U., 2006. Animal welfare aspects of outdoor runs for laying hens: a review. NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 54, 133\u2013145. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1573-5214(06)80017-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1573-5214(06)80017-5<\/a><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"38\"><a href=\"#38#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#38#\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> Salajpal et al., 2013<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"39\"><a href=\"#39#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#39#\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> Sossidou el al, 2011<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"40\"><a href=\"#40#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#40#\">[40]<\/a><\/sup> Bogosavljevi\u0107-Bo\u0161kovi\u0107, S., S. Rakonjac, V. Doskovi\u0107, et M. D. Petrovi\u0107. 2012. \u00ab\u00a0Broiler rearing systems: a review of major fattening results and meat quality traits\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<em>World\u2019s Poultry Science Journal<\/em>\u00a068 (2): 217\u201128. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S004393391200027X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S004393391200027X<\/a><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"41\"><a href=\"#41#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#41#\">[41]<\/a><\/sup> Von Keyserlingk, M.A., Cestari, A.A., Franks, B., Fregonesi, J.A., Weary, D.M., 2017. Dairy cows value access to pasture as highly as fresh feed. Scientific reports 7, 44953<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"42\"><a href=\"#42#\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#42#\">[42]<\/a><\/sup> Charlton, G.L., Rutter, S.M., East, M., Sinclair, L.A., 2013. The motivation of dairy cows for access to pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 4387\u20134396.Delsart, M., Pol, F., Dufour, B., Rose, N., Fablet, C., 2020 ; Legrand, A.L., Von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Weary, D.M., 2009. Preference and usage of pasture versus free-stall housing by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science 92, 3651\u20133658<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><sup id=\"43\"><a href=\"#43#\">[43] <\/a><\/sup>Legrand et al, 2009<\/p>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a460a9f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a460a9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60c9c26 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60c9c26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9d4ba2 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"d9d4ba2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/22-09-Grazing-animals-are-necessarily-happy-TRUE-OR-FALSE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download  pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29559c39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29559c39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">keep in mind<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47003a elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"a47003a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-warning\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Access to grazing presents benefits for animal welfare, but also risks<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"animalset2 animalset2pig\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Animals can easily express their natural behaviors while grazing<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bug\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Outdoor animals are more prone to heat stress, an imbalance in their diet and diseases caused by parasites<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-sun\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">When given the choice, animals often favor outdoor<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cdb78d8 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4cdb78d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fdc1720 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fdc1720\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c816664 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1c816664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"127\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/guillements-vert-debut.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5923\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a12d694 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a12d694\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f2b8d e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"a5f2b8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcc6e6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dcc6e6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d72de00 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"d72de00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-182dc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"182dc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p><strong><em>On farms where cows are kept indoors for the winter, when the weather is fine and they reach the pasture, they show positive emotions: it is sometimes referred to as the\u00a0<\/em><em>\u201ccows caracole\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afd8973 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5afd8973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"84\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/guillements-vert-fin.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5925\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28843707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"28843707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-112758f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"112758f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>LYDIANE AUB\u00c9, POST-DOCTORANT STUDENT<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fea246 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"48fea246\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b6b7ee4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6b6b7ee4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d164b1 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"67d164b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f79ddb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f79ddb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-319a47f8 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"319a47f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-12309 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-one-welfare-en media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cows_in_the_meadow-scaled-e1668089609849.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4124\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">One welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/hedgerows-are-essential-for-the-welfare-of-free-range-animals-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tHedgerows are essential for the welfare of free-range animals, TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9669 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news themes-animal-welfare themes-farming-101 media-popular-beliefs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-better-in-smaller-farms-true-or-false\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"493\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-500x493.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-29272\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-500x493.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-1038x1024.png 1038w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG-768x758.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/vignette-petites-fermes_ENG.png 1104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Animal welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/welfare-is-better-in-smaller-farms-true-or-false\/\">\n\t\t\t\tWelfare is better in smaller farms! TRUE or FALSE?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-17827 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news tag-5-freedoms tag-bientraitance-en tag-definitions-en tag-sensibility themes-animal-welfare media-articles-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/defining-animal-welfare\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-500x500.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-17981\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-260x260.png 260w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Comment-definir-le-bien-etre-animal-vignette-carre_ENG-01.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Animal welfare<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/defining-animal-welfare\/\">\n\t\t\t\tDefining animal welfare\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do you think  grazing animals are necessarily happy? We answer you!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":24006,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[],"themes":[282,283,284],"especes":[],"media":[320],"class_list":["post-12078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","themes-farm-animals","themes-farming-101","themes-one-welfare-en","media-popular-beliefs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12078","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12078"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12078\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30415,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12078\/revisions\/30415"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24006"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12078"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12078"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12078"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=12078"},{"taxonomy":"especes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/especes?post=12078"},{"taxonomy":"media","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?post=12078"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}